Abitur NRW Biologie 2023 · GK · Haupttermin · bilingual Englisch

Material A: The Genus Ariamnes on the Hawaii Archipelago

The genus Ariamnes belongs to the family of tangle-web spiders 1 and occurs with numerous species on the Hawaii Archipelago. The biggest species, A. kahili, reaches a maximum size of 11.3 mm. Ariamnes spiders hide in various resting habitats during daytime (Table 1). They are nocturnal predators that do not build site-specific webs. Instead, they run around looking for prey and catch them with a web woven between their hind legs. A kleptoparasitic behaviour was observed in some species: these spiders climb onto the webs of other spider species and feed on their prey or on the spiders themselves. Other spider species and especially birds feed on Ariamnes spiders.

Table 1 Occurrence and selected traits of the known Ariamnes species on the Hawaii Archipelago

Species · Habitat · Resting habitat during daytime · Shape of the abdomen · Colouring · Kleptoparasitic behaviour

A. huinakolu · humid forest · moss · short · dark · shown

A. kahili · humid forest · under leaves · long · gold · shown

A. uwepa · moderate humidity · under leaves · long · gold · not shown

A. makue · moderate humidity · dead ferns · long · dark · shown

A. poele · humid forest · dead ferns · long · dark · not shown

A. melekalikimaka · humid forest · under leaves · medium · gold · shown

A. alepeleke · humid forest · under leaves · medium · gold · not shown

A. laau · humid forest · dead ferns · long · dark · shown

A. corniger · dry forest · white lichens · long · matt white · not shown

A. waikula · humid forest · under leaves · long · gold · not shown

A. hiwa · humid forest · cracks in rocks · long · dark · not shown

1 Haubennetzspinne

Material B: Relationships between Ariamnes Spiders

The Hawaii Archipelago is located in the Pacific Ocean 3800 km from the North American continent and is of volcanic origin. Among the islands in the Archipelago, Hawaii is the biggest and youngest, and Kauai is the oldest (Figure 1). The islands offer a wide range of habitats for a large number of animal and plant species.

Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences were used to analyse the relationships between the Ariamnes spiders of the Hawaii Archipelago and to construct a phylogenetic tree (Figure 2). Information about the current distribution of the described Ariamnes species was added to this phylogenetic tree. The spider species Argyrodes trigonum, which occurs in the USA, is coloured yellow-brown and shows kleptoparasitic behaviour.

Aufgabenstellung: Topic: Evolution of Ariamnes Spiders

1. Name a definition of the term ecological niche and, based on it, illustrate the coexistence of A. huinakolu and A. kahili (Materials A and B). Develop hypotheses about the selective advantages offered by the morphological traits of A. makue, A. corniger and A. hiwa (Material A). [16 Punkte]

a)

b)

c)

Material A: The Genus Ariamnes on the Hawaii Archipelago

The genus Ariamnes belongs to the family of tangle-web spiders 1 and occurs with numerous species on the Hawaii Archipelago. The biggest species, A. kahili, reaches a maximum size of 11.3 mm. Ariamnes spiders hide in various resting habitats during daytime (Table 1). They are nocturnal predators that do not build site-specific webs. Instead, they run around looking for prey and catch them with a web woven between their hind legs. A kleptoparasitic behaviour was observed in some species: these spiders climb onto the webs of other spider species and feed on their prey or on the spiders themselves. Other spider species and especially birds feed on Ariamnes spiders.

Table 1 Occurrence and selected traits of the known Ariamnes species on the Hawaii Archipelago

Species · Habitat · Resting habitat during daytime · Shape of the abdomen · Colouring · Kleptoparasitic behaviour

A. huinakolu · humid forest · moss · short · dark · shown

A. kahili · humid forest · under leaves · long · gold · shown

A. uwepa · moderate humidity · under leaves · long · gold · not shown

A. makue · moderate humidity · dead ferns · long · dark · shown

A. poele · humid forest · dead ferns · long · dark · not shown

A. melekalikimaka · humid forest · under leaves · medium · gold · shown

A. alepeleke · humid forest · under leaves · medium · gold · not shown

A. laau · humid forest · dead ferns · long · dark · shown

A. corniger · dry forest · white lichens · long · matt white · not shown

A. waikula · humid forest · under leaves · long · gold · not shown

A. hiwa · humid forest · cracks in rocks · long · dark · not shown

1 Haubennetzspinne

Material B: Relationships between Ariamnes Spiders

The Hawaii Archipelago is located in the Pacific Ocean 3800 km from the North American continent and is of volcanic origin. Among the islands in the Archipelago, Hawaii is the biggest and youngest, and Kauai is the oldest (Figure 1). The islands offer a wide range of habitats for a large number of animal and plant species.

Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences were used to analyse the relationships between the Ariamnes spiders of the Hawaii Archipelago and to construct a phylogenetic tree (Figure 2). Information about the current distribution of the described Ariamnes species was added to this phylogenetic tree. The spider species Argyrodes trigonum, which occurs in the USA, is coloured yellow-brown and shows kleptoparasitic behaviour.

Aufgabenstellung: Topic: Evolution of Ariamnes Spiders

2. Name the methodological steps required to build the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 2 (Material B). Analyse the phylogenetic relationships, considering how the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago were colonised (Material B). Illustrate two ways in which Ariamnes spiders could have colonised the new islands (Materials A and B). [22 Punkte]

a)

b)

c)

Material A: The Genus Ariamnes on the Hawaii Archipelago

The genus Ariamnes belongs to the family of tangle-web spiders 1 and occurs with numerous species on the Hawaii Archipelago. The biggest species, A. kahili, reaches a maximum size of 11.3 mm. Ariamnes spiders hide in various resting habitats during daytime (Table 1). They are nocturnal predators that do not build site-specific webs. Instead, they run around looking for prey and catch them with a web woven between their hind legs. A kleptoparasitic behaviour was observed in some species: these spiders climb onto the webs of other spider species and feed on their prey or on the spiders themselves. Other spider species and especially birds feed on Ariamnes spiders.

Table 1 Occurrence and selected traits of the known Ariamnes species on the Hawaii Archipelago

Species · Habitat · Resting habitat during daytime · Shape of the abdomen · Colouring · Kleptoparasitic behaviour

A. huinakolu · humid forest · moss · short · dark · shown

A. kahili · humid forest · under leaves · long · gold · shown

A. uwepa · moderate humidity · under leaves · long · gold · not shown

A. makue · moderate humidity · dead ferns · long · dark · shown

A. poele · humid forest · dead ferns · long · dark · not shown

A. melekalikimaka · humid forest · under leaves · medium · gold · shown

A. alepeleke · humid forest · under leaves · medium · gold · not shown

A. laau · humid forest · dead ferns · long · dark · shown

A. corniger · dry forest · white lichens · long · matt white · not shown

A. waikula · humid forest · under leaves · long · gold · not shown

A. hiwa · humid forest · cracks in rocks · long · dark · not shown

1 Haubennetzspinne

Material B: Relationships between Ariamnes Spiders

The Hawaii Archipelago is located in the Pacific Ocean 3800 km from the North American continent and is of volcanic origin. Among the islands in the Archipelago, Hawaii is the biggest and youngest, and Kauai is the oldest (Figure 1). The islands offer a wide range of habitats for a large number of animal and plant species.

Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences were used to analyse the relationships between the Ariamnes spiders of the Hawaii Archipelago and to construct a phylogenetic tree (Figure 2). Information about the current distribution of the described Ariamnes species was added to this phylogenetic tree. The spider species Argyrodes trigonum, which occurs in the USA, is coloured yellow-brown and shows kleptoparasitic behaviour.

Aufgabenstellung: Topic: Evolution of Ariamnes Spiders

3. Develop hypotheses explaining how the species diversity of Ariamnes spiders arose on the Hawaiian archipelago (Materials A and B). In this context, check whether the golden colouring could have come about through convergent evolution (Materials A and B). [16 Punkte]

a)

b)

Material A: The Effect of the Pesticide Azamethiphos

Salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are small parasitic crustaceans. They infect the Atlantic salmon, live on its body surface and feed on mucous, skin particles and the fish’s blood. Affected fish have open wounds in the skin and anaemia 1. This can be lethal for the fish.

In salmon farming, the infestation of the fish can cause great economic losses. As one measure, the pesticide Azamethiphos is used in aquafarming, where it is added to the breeding tanks in small amounts (0.2 µg per litre). In order to investigate the effect of the pesticide on the nervous system of salmon lice, homozygous wild type salmon lice were treated with Azamethiphos for 24 hours. The activity of the enzyme acetylcholine esterase (AChE) was then measured in the treated wild type salmon lice (Figure 1).

1 Blutarmut

Material B: Azamethiphos Resistance and its Genetic Causes

After many years of regular use of Azamethiphos in aquafarming, a widespread resistance to this pesticide was observed in salmon lice. While investigating the causes for the resistance, the ace1a gene was discovered in the louse. The gene codes for acetylcholine esterase.

Material C: Effectiveness of Azamethiphos in Different Lines of Salmon Lice

In salmon farming waters of Norway, salmon lice lines 2 which differed in the genotypes of the ace1a gene were found. The effectiveness of Azamethiphos on salmon lice of the three lines was investigated: three salmon lice lines were treated with this pesticide for 24 hours and the effects observed (Figure 2). Then, the activity of the enzyme acetylcholine esterase was determined in line 1 under the influence of Azamethiphos (Figure 3).

2 hier: Stämme

Material D: Diagram and Codon Table of the Genetic Code

Aufgabe 2 - Teilaufgabe 1

1. Outline, in the form of a flow chart, how information is transmitted at a synapse controlled by acetylcholine. Describe the findings presented in Figure 1 (Material A). Illustrate how Azamethiphos acts at the molecular level and at the level of the whole organism (Material A).

[21 Punkte]

a)

b)

c)

d)

Material A: The Effect of the Pesticide Azamethiphos

Salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are small parasitic crustaceans. They infect the Atlantic salmon, live on its body surface and feed on mucous, skin particles and the fish’s blood. Affected fish have open wounds in the skin and anaemia 1. This can be lethal for the fish.

In salmon farming, the infestation of the fish can cause great economic losses. As one measure, the pesticide Azamethiphos is used in aquafarming, where it is added to the breeding tanks in small amounts (0.2 µg per litre). In order to investigate the effect of the pesticide on the nervous system of salmon lice, homozygous wild type salmon lice were treated with Azamethiphos for 24 hours. The activity of the enzyme acetylcholine esterase (AChE) was then measured in the treated wild type salmon lice (Figure 1).

1 Blutarmut

Material B: Azamethiphos Resistance and its Genetic Causes

After many years of regular use of Azamethiphos in aquafarming, a widespread resistance to this pesticide was observed in salmon lice. While investigating the causes for the resistance, the ace1a gene was discovered in the louse. The gene codes for acetylcholine esterase.

Material C: Effectiveness of Azamethiphos in Different Lines of Salmon Lice

In salmon farming waters of Norway, salmon lice lines 2 which differed in the genotypes of the ace1a gene were found. The effectiveness of Azamethiphos on salmon lice of the three lines was investigated: three salmon lice lines were treated with this pesticide for 24 hours and the effects observed (Figure 2). Then, the activity of the enzyme acetylcholine esterase was determined in line 1 under the influence of Azamethiphos (Figure 3).

2 hier: Stämme

Material D: Diagram and Codon Table of the Genetic Code

Aufgabe 2 - Teilaufgabe 2

2. Work out, for the nucleotide sequences given in Table 1 (Materials B and D), the mRNA sequences, the amino acid sequences and the type of mutation involved. Illustrate how the mutations could affect the function of acetylcholine esterase (Materials A and B).

[16 Punkte]

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

Aufgabe 2 - Teilaufgabe 3

3. Work out the genotypes of lines 1, 2 and 3 and give reasons for your answer (Materials B and C). Compare the results in Figure 3 with those in Figure 1 and develop a hypothesis to explain the observed results (Materials A to C).

[17 Punkte]

h)

i)

j)

k)

l)

Material A: Overwintering of Burgundy Snails

The Burgundy snail¹ ( Helix pomatia) overwinters from October until the beginning of May. During this period, it lives withdrawn into its shell, which is tightly sealed by a calcareous lid², and is buried under leaves in the soil. When temperatures fall below 8° Celsius, their metabolism switches to a cold-induced torpor. The snails do not feed during the cold-induced torpor. Their metabolic rate, their oxygen consumption, their heart rate and the activity of their nervous systems are reduced. During this time, the Burgundy snail lives on nutrients it stored while feeding. Starting in May, Burgundy snails actively start looking for food if enough moisture is present. They feed on soft, wilting plant parts and algae.

¹ Weinbergschnecke

² Kalkdeckel

Material B: Signal Conduction in the Burgundy Snail

The formation and conduction of action potentials in the Burgundy snail are made possible by voltage-gated ion channels. Based on their characteristics, different types of voltage-gated sodium ion channels, $\text{Na}_\text{v}$ for short, can be distinguished. These $\text{Na}_\text{v}$-channels show various degrees of conductivity during various stages of the action potential (Figure 1). The higher the conductivity, the more sodium ions can flow through the $\text{Na}_\text{v}$-channel.

Material C: Neurophysiological Investigations

In order to investigate the activity of neurons in the Burgundy snails' brains in more depth, a number of experiments were conducted on active and on hibernating Burgundy snails. The active snails were kept at room temperature. The hibernating snails, which were in a cold-induced torpor, were collected in autumn and kept at 3° Celsius.

The relative density of specific $\text{Na}_\text{v}$-channels in the brain was investigated in active and in hibernating Burgundy snails (Figure 2).

Neurophysiological measurements were conducted on neurons in the brain of Burgundy snails. The maximum flow of sodium ions through $\text{Na}_\text{v}1.9$-channels after stimulation was measured in the neurons of active Burgundy snails as well as in hibernating individuals (Figure 3).

1.

Explain what is meant by selection. Deduce which selective advantages result for the Burgundy snail from its way of life (Material A). [13 Punkte]

3.

Name a definition of the term mutation. Using the synthetic theory of evolution, illustrate how the neurophysiological adaptations of the Burgundy snail arose (Materials A to C). [14 Punkte]

Material A: Overwintering of Burgundy Snails

The Burgundy snail¹ ( Helix pomatia) overwinters from October until the beginning of May. During this period, it lives withdrawn into its shell, which is tightly sealed by a calcareous lid², and is buried under leaves in the soil. When temperatures fall below 8° Celsius, their metabolism switches to a cold-induced torpor. The snails do not feed during the cold-induced torpor. Their metabolic rate, their oxygen consumption, their heart rate and the activity of their nervous systems are reduced. During this time, the Burgundy snail lives on nutrients it stored while feeding. Starting in May, Burgundy snails actively start looking for food if enough moisture is present. They feed on soft, wilting plant parts and algae.

¹ Weinbergschnecke

² Kalkdeckel

Material B: Signal Conduction in the Burgundy Snail

The formation and conduction of action potentials in the Burgundy snail are made possible by voltage-gated ion channels. Based on their characteristics, different types of voltage-gated sodium ion channels, $\text{Na}_\text{v}$ for short, can be distinguished. These $\text{Na}_\text{v}$-channels show various degrees of conductivity during various stages of the action potential (Figure 1). The higher the conductivity, the more sodium ions can flow through the $\text{Na}_\text{v}$-channel.

Material C: Neurophysiological Investigations

In order to investigate the activity of neurons in the Burgundy snails' brains in more depth, a number of experiments were conducted on active and on hibernating Burgundy snails. The active snails were kept at room temperature. The hibernating snails, which were in a cold-induced torpor, were collected in autumn and kept at 3° Celsius.

The relative density of specific $\text{Na}_\text{v}$-channels in the brain was investigated in active and in hibernating Burgundy snails (Figure 2).

Neurophysiological measurements were conducted on neurons in the brain of Burgundy snails. The maximum flow of sodium ions through $\text{Na}_\text{v}1.9$-channels after stimulation was measured in the neurons of active Burgundy snails as well as in hibernating individuals (Figure 3).

2.

Summarise what Figure 1 shows and illustrate how important the respective sodium ion channels are for the progression of an action potential (Material B). Summarise the findings presented in Figures 2 and 3 and illustrate what effects they have on signal conduction in the Burgundy snail during cold-induced torpor (Materials A to C).

[27 Punkte]