Abitur NRW Geographie 2021 · GK · Haupttermin · bilingual Englisch

Abiturprüfung 2021 · Geographie bilingual-englisch, Grundkurs

Topic: Revitalisation of Brownfield Sites in the Context of Sustainable Urban Development – Case Study: Västra Hamnen in Malmö, Sweden

Materialgrundlage

Doc. 1: Atlas – Maps of Your Choice

Doc. 2: Malmö and Västra Hamnen – Location

Doc. 3: Malmö and Västra Hamnen – General Information

Doc. 4: Malmö – Population and Housing

Doc. 5: Malmö – Economy

Doc. 6: Västra Hamnen 2002 / 2018

Doc. 7: Västra Hamnen – Facts and Figures

Doc. 8: Västra Hamnen and Malmö – Social Structure

Doc. 3: Malmö and Västra Hamnen – General Information

third largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg

until the 1980s: important location for shipbuilding

end of the 1980s: closing of Kockums wharf, the largest employer in Malmö

end of the 1990s: the City of Malmö purchases the derelict land of the former wharf and makes plans for the new district of Västra Hamnen

1998: founding of Malmö University; today 24,000 students and 1,800 employees

2000: opening of Øresund Bridge; today Malmö is the Swedish centre of the Øresund Region, the most important economic region in the Baltic Sea Region

2001: international ecological housing exhibition (Bo01) in western part of former wharf site

1970 · 1980 · 1990 · 1995 · 2000 · 2005 · 2010 · 2015 · 2018 · Forecast 2030

263 · 229 · 224 · 233 · 247 · 257 · 278 · 300 · 315 · 354

Population (thousand)

* Most of the new jobs were created in business consulting, IT and data security as well as in the hospitality industry. The Øresund Region is known as the largest IT cluster in Europe.

** Most of the newly founded companies were established in advertising and marketing as well as in the trade sector. Västra Hamnen is a popular location for start-ups owing to its proximity to the university.

Doc. 7: Västra Hamnen – Facts and Figures

construction of new urban district (area: 175 ha) for 10,000 to 12,000 persons and providing facilities for 10,000 employees as well as for 10,000 university students

eco-neighbourhood Bo01 powered by 100 % local renewable energy (wind, solar, biogas from domestic waste); electricity mainly generated using wind and solar energy; heating with solar collectors (covering 15 % of annual heat demand) and heat pumps; ground- and seawater used for cooling

extensive urban green space, artificial streams, fountains and ponds

traffic management: 35 km of play streets and pedestrian zones; cycle path network of more than 8 km; cars either forbidden or allowed at low speeds

one parking space available per household; environmentally friendly vehicles with electric or hybrid drive provided with parking space directly in front of the house

1.

Locate the city of Malmö and its district Västra Hamnen. Characterize how Malmö developed economically and demographically up to the end of the 1990s and the challenges that arose from this. [24 Punkte]

2.

With reference to this context, illustrate how the district of Västra Hamnen has developed. [28 Punkte]

3.

Assess to what extent the district of Västra Hamnen has put the concept of sustainable urban development into practice. [28 Punkte]

Topic: Viable Development Through Tourism? – Case Study: Municipality of Zermatt, Switzerland

Complete the three tasks below using the documents provided.

Doc. 1: Atlas – Maps of Your Choice & Doc. 2: Zermatt – Protected Areas and Tourism

Note: BLN (Bundesinventar der Landschaften und Naturdenkmäler) = Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments of national importance in Switzerland

Doc. 3: Zermatt – Climate & Switzerland – snow depth

Doc. 4: Zermatt – Development

1898 · start of operation of the Gornergrat Bahn as the first electric mountain rack railway in summer

1928–1930 · Visp-Zermatt-Bahn with limited service in winter; 1929: electrification of railway; 26 June 1930: start of the Glacier Express from St Moritz to Zermatt

(since) 1931 · ban on private petrol cars; today central public car park in Täsch (5 km away from Zermatt) and approx. 500 electric vehicles in use

1942 · construction of first ski lift between Zermatt and Sunnegga (lift for hikers in summer)

1955 · founding of Air Zermatt; currently operating a fleet of 9 helicopters

1964 · start of operation of waste incineration plant

1964–1967 · expansion of mountain railways Zermatt-Furi and Sunnegga-Blauherd

1982 · start of operation of underground sewage treatment plant

2006 · four new shuttle trains (Täsch-Zermatt) and four new low-floor railcars for the Gornergrat Bahn enter service; opening of Matterhorn museum Zermatlantis

2006 · cable car linking Furi and Riffelberg completed, creating one of the largest and highest interconnected skiing regions in the Alps with 263 km of ski slopes in winter and 20 km of ski slopes in summer

2008 · restriction on acquisition of second homes

2010 · Zermatt Bergbahnen AG receives Swiss solar prize for its restaurant Matterhorn glacier paradise (Klein Matterhorn)

2011 · Zermatt chosen as Switzerland's most sustainable winter holiday resort from among 14 destinations by the Swiss Association for Transport and Environment

2017 · opening of the world's longest suspension foot bridge near the village of Randa, 4 km away from Zermatt, connecting the Europaweg trail between Grächen and Zermatt at a dizzying height

2020 · The Omnia hotel in Zermatt ranked fifth worldwide in the category "best luxury hotel" by renowned online travel company

Doc. 5: Zermatt Tourism – Facts and Figures

112 hotels (90 % family-owned), 1,221 non-hotel accommodation facilities

approx. 40 % seasonal employees

between 2000 and 2014: approx. CHF 110 million invested in tourism infrastructure by municipality of Zermatt; 2017: CHF 56.3 million revenue by the municipality of Zermatt

Doc. 6: Municipality of Zermatt – Social and Economic Structures

Apartments/real estate prices

Total number of apartments

thereof second homes · 5,669

1,528

Average rent for two-room apartment / 60 m² (CHF*)

• Zermatt

• Switzerland

1,682

1,214

* CHF 1 (Swiss Franc) ≈ EUR 1.04

Doc. 7: Press Release by Valais Tourism Observatory

Chinesische Touristen verhalten sich anders als die Gäste, die unser Land traditionsgemäß besuchen. Chinesen unternehmen vor allem Gruppenreisen und besuchen generell mehrere europäische Länder anlässlich einer Reise in den Westen. Sie bleiben nicht lange am gleichen Ort; durchschnittlich dauert ihr Aufenthalt nur 1,4 Nächte (2017). Sie sind typische Hotelkunden, achten sehr genau auf den Preis der Übernachtung und der Mahlzeiten, sind dafür aber beim Shopping äußerst ausgabefreudig. Wie wichtig Einkaufen für Chinesen ist, geht aus den Zahlen von Schweiz Tourismus hervor: Mit Ausgaben von CHF 380,- pro Tag (2017) stehen die Chinesen an der Spitze aller Touristen in der Schweiz, [...].

Doc. 8: Zermatt – Natural Hazards

Note: debris flow: landslides with rock material and mudflow

1.

Locate Zermatt and characterize the tourism potential of the municipality. [21 Punkte]

2.

Illustrate how tourism in Zermatt has developed, how it is structured and what significance it has. [30 Punkte]

3.

Discuss the future prospects of tourism in Zermatt. [29 Punkte]

Abiturprüfung 2021 – Geographie bilingual-englisch, Grundkurs

Topic: Expanding Infrastructure as a Trigger for Sustainable Development? – Case Study: Stiegler's Gorge Dam Project, Tanzania

Materialgrundlage

Doc. 1: Atlas – Maps of Your Choice

Doc. 2: Tanzania – Socio-Economic Data

Doc. 3: Tanzania – Physical Map

Doc. 4: Tanzania – Precipitation

Doc. 5: Tanzania – Forecast: Electricity Generation and Electricity Demand

* total electricity consumption 2019 = 100.

Note: Grid losses refer to the difference between the amount of electricity which is generated and the amount of electricity which is actually used. Grid losses in Central Europe amount to approx. 6 %.

Doc. 6: Stiegler's Gorge Dam Project – Facts and Figures

Doc. 7: Tanzania – Electricity Grid

Doc. 8: Tanzania Development Vision 2025 (published in 2016)

The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 envisages Tanzania becoming a middle-income country [...] by 2025, an objective which will [...] require an increase in GDP per capita to US$ 3,000 in 2025. Achieving this goal makes rapid economic growth necessary, driven by a sufficiently available, reliable, affordable and environmentally friendly power supply. Therefore, electricity generation capacity needs to be increased from 1,583 MW to at least 10,000 MW by 2025.

Assignments

1.

Locate Tanzania and characterize the country's state of development. (22 Punkte)

2.

Illustrate how suitable the Rufiji Basin is for generating hydroelectric power, and how the Stiegler's Gorge Dam Project is built and what it aims to achieve. (29 Punkte)

3.

Comment on the question posed in the topic. (29 Punkte)

Abiturprüfung 2021 – Geographie bilingual-englisch, Grundkurs

Topic: Challenges and Chances of Globalised Agriculture – Case Study: Coffee Cultivation in Colombia

Assignments (total 80 points for subject content):

Assignment 1 [22 Punkte]

Locate Colombia and characterize the natural conditions of coffee cultivation as well as how the coffee-growing areas are spatially distributed.

Assignment 2 [32 Punkte]

Illustrate how coffee cultivation in Colombia has developed, how it is structured and what significance it has.

Assignment 3 [26 Punkte]

Discuss to what extent changing production and trade structures are able to open up new prospects for Colombia's coffee sector.

Materialgrundlage

Doc. 1: Atlas – Maps of Your Choice

Refer to school atlas for topographies, relief, and climate zones of Colombia.

Doc. 2: Colombia – Socio-Economic Data

· 2011 · 2018

Population (million) · 46.9 · 50.3

rural (%) · 24.6 · 18.9

urban (%) · 75.4 · 81.1

GDP per capita (US$) · 6,240 · 6,642

GDP composition, by sector (%)

primary · 9 · 7

secondary · 38 · 32

tertiary · 53 · 61

Employment, by sector (%)

primary · 18 · 16

secondary · 13 · 19

tertiary · 69 · 65

Coffee sector

Coffee farmers (number), thereof: · 554,000 · 540,000

fair-trade coffee farmers · approx. 12,000 · approx. 70,000

Total number of employees in coffee sector · approx. 4,000,000 · approx. 4,000,000

Share of coffee in foreign trade (%) · 5 · 4.3

Doc. 3: Colombia – Coffee Cultivation Areas

Doc. 4: Cali – Climate

Doc. 5: Coffee – General Information

crop with cherry-like fruit

bush or small tree, up to 2.5 m

labour-intensive care and picking of fruit

high loss in yield caused by fluctuating climate conditions, insect infestations and leaf diseases

harvesting possible with plants aged between four and 20 years

Main varieties: · Arabica · Robusta

Optimum temperature (°C) · 18 – 25 · about 26

Minimum temperature (°C) · 0 · 8

Precipitation requirements (mm) · 1,000 – 2,000 · 1,500 – 2,000

Altitude (m) · 400 – 1,200 · 0 – 900

Maturation period (months) · 6 – 8 · 9 – 11

Yield per hectare (kg) · 820 · 1,450

World market share (%) · 60 · 36

World market price US cents / pound* (2020) · 168 · 73

* unit of weight equal to 453.592 g

Doc. 6: Coffee Cultivation in Colombia – Facts and Figures

Coffee farms

Size (ha) · Number · Share of total production (%)

0 – 0.9 · 364,300 · 15.1 %

1 – 4.9 · 172,200 · 40.5 %

5 – 9.9 · 20,100 · 16.8 %

10 – 20 · 6,900 · 13.0 %

> 20 · 2,800 · 14.6 %

* 98 % Arabica. Note: share of fair-trade coffee in total production approx. 1 % in 2002 and approx. 5 % in 2018.

Doc. 7: Coffee Sector in Colombia – Income

* inflation-adjusted; COP = Colombian Peso (10,000,000 COP = €2,200)

Doc. 8: Characteristics of Fair Production and Trade Structures

Standard · Description · Criteria

Fair-trade · The fair-trade label is primarily a label certifying social standards but neither an exclusive standard for cultivation nor an independent label certifying environmental standards. It aims at improving trading conditions for producers. · guaranteed minimum prices

humane working conditions

establishing long-term trade relations

supporting community projects

Fair-trade + organic · In addition to the criteria certified by the fair-trade label, the organic label sets very high standards in environmentally sustainable cultivation and processing. · ban on artificial substances

protection of soil quality

use of natural fertilizers and pesticides

Note: market share of fair-trade and fair-trade organic coffee in Germany 2019: 6.7 %. Cooperatives are joint enterprises for coffee farmers.