Sujet du Bac Anglais, monde contemporain 2022 · Métropole remplacement

SUJET 1

Thématique: « Faire Société »

Partie 1 [16 pts]

Prenez connaissance du dossier proposé, composé des documents A, B et C non hiérarchisés et traitez en anglais le sujet suivant (500 mots environ):

Say what the documents reveal about the question of slavery reparations in the US, the issues it raises, and how it is – or could be – dealt with.

Document A

What slavery reparations from the federal government could look like

After decades of work from activists pushing the issue, presidential candidates, Congress members, local governments and private institutions have debated whether and how the federal government should issue reparations for Black Americans who are descendants of slaves. [...]

Proposals for reparations programs have been raised by reparations advocacy groups in recent decades. The National African American Reparations Commission, for example, has a 10-point reparations plan that includes calls for a national apology for slavery and subsequent discrimination; a repatriation program that would allow interested people to receive assistance when exercising their “right to return” to an African nation of their choice; affordable housing and education programs; and the preservation of Black monuments and sacred sites, with the proposals benefiting any person of African descent living in the US.

Other proposals, like one proposed by Andre Perry and Rashawn Ray for the Brookings Institution 1, would also specifically provide restitution to descendants with at least one ancestor enslaved in the U.S., coupling direct financial payment with plans for free college tuition, student loan forgiveness, grants for down payments 2 and housing revitalization and grants for Black-owned businesses.

“Making the American Dream an equitable reality demands the same U.S. government that denied wealth to Blacks restore that deferred wealth through reparations to their descendants,” they wrote last year.

The variety of proposals show that even among supporters of reparations, there is some disagreement about what a full program should look like and what exactly should be described as “true reparations.”

“I think we would be doing ourselves a huge disservice if we were just talking about financial compensation alone,” said Dreisen Heath, a racial justice researcher with Human Rights Watch.

While Heath said she did support and see the value in direct financial payments, she added that money alone “is not going to fix if you were wrongly convicted in a racist legal system. That’s not going to fix your access to preventative health care. All of these other harms are connected to the racial wealth gap but are not exclusively defined by or can be relieved by financial compensation.”

NBC News.com, May 12, 2021

1 an influential American research organization

2 initial payment to buy something on credit

Document B

Her family owned slaves. How can she make amend?

For almost three years now, with the fervor of the newly converted, Ms. Marshall has been on a quest that from the outside may seem quixotic 1 and even naïve. She is diving into her family’s past and trying to chip away at racism in the Deep South, where every white family with roots here benefited from slavery and almost every Black family had enslaved ancestors.

“I don’t have a lot of money, but I have property,” she said during a walk on her farm last winter. “How am I going to use that for the greater good, and not in like a paying-penance 2 sort of way but in an it’s-just-the-right-thing-to-do kind of way?” [...]

Farming, family and unspoken discrimination are braided together so tightly here that she can’t untwist them. She is aware that she sometimes stumbles across the line between doing antiracism work and playing the white savior, but she finds the history unavoidable.

“I can’t just go feed my cows and not be reminded of it,” she said.

Hers is the national soul-searching writ small 3: Should the descendants of people who kept others enslaved be held responsible for that wrong? What can they do to make things right? And what will it cost? [...]

She could set up an internship for young Black farmers, letting them work her land and keep the profit. Maybe her Black neighbors wanted preservation work done on their church cemetery.

Or maybe — and this is where the discussion gets complicated — she should give some land or money from the sale of it to descendants of the Black people who had helped her family build wealth, either as enslaved people in the 1800s or, later, as sharecroppers 4 who lived in two small shacks on her land. [...]

As the only young woman running a farm in the valley, Ms. Marshall already feels like a curiosity. She expects that people will turn on 5 her for telling the community’s story through the lens of slavery.

The New York Times, July 7, 2021

1 idealistic

2 an act showing you feel sorry for what you have done wrong

3 Her individual questioning echoes the national debate.

4 farmers who give part of what they cultivate as rent

5 criticize

Document C

Rob Tornoe, Whyy.org, February 15, 2016

[In 2016, Governor Jack Markell apologized for slavery on behalf of the state of Delaware.]

Document A

What slavery reparations from the federal government could look like

After decades of work from activists pushing the issue, presidential candidates, Congress members, local governments and private institutions have debated whether and how the federal government should issue reparations for Black Americans who are descendants of slaves. [...]

Proposals for reparations programs have been raised by reparations advocacy groups in recent decades. The National African American Reparations Commission, for example, has a 10-point reparations plan that includes calls for a national apology for slavery and subsequent discrimination; a repatriation program that would allow interested people to receive assistance when exercising their “right to return” to an African nation of their choice; affordable housing and education programs; and the preservation of Black monuments and sacred sites, with the proposals benefiting any person of African descent living in the US.

Other proposals, like one proposed by Andre Perry and Rashawn Ray for the Brookings Institution 1, would also specifically provide restitution to descendants with at least one ancestor enslaved in the U.S., coupling direct financial payment with plans for free college tuition, student loan forgiveness, grants for down payments 2 and housing revitalization and grants for Black-owned businesses.

“Making the American Dream an equitable reality demands the same U.S. government that denied wealth to Blacks restore that deferred wealth through reparations to their descendants,” they wrote last year.

The variety of proposals show that even among supporters of reparations, there is some disagreement about what a full program should look like and what exactly should be described as “true reparations.”

“I think we would be doing ourselves a huge disservice if we were just talking about financial compensation alone,” said Dreisen Heath, a racial justice researcher with Human Rights Watch.

While Heath said she did support and see the value in direct financial payments, she added that money alone “is not going to fix if you were wrongly convicted in a racist legal system. That’s not going to fix your access to preventative health care. All of these other harms are connected to the racial wealth gap but are not exclusively defined by or can be relieved by financial compensation.”

NBC News.com, May 12, 2021

1 an influential American research organization

2 initial payment to buy something on credit

Document B

Her family owned slaves. How can she make amend?

For almost three years now, with the fervor of the newly converted, Ms. Marshall has been on a quest that from the outside may seem quixotic 1 and even naïve. She is diving into her family’s past and trying to chip away at racism in the Deep South, where every white family with roots here benefited from slavery and almost every Black family had enslaved ancestors.

“I don’t have a lot of money, but I have property,” she said during a walk on her farm last winter. “How am I going to use that for the greater good, and not in like a paying-penance 2 sort of way but in an it’s-just-the-right-thing-to-do kind of way?” [...]

Farming, family and unspoken discrimination are braided together so tightly here that she can’t untwist them. She is aware that she sometimes stumbles across the line between doing antiracism work and playing the white savior, but she finds the history unavoidable.

“I can’t just go feed my cows and not be reminded of it,” she said.

Hers is the national soul-searching writ small 3: Should the descendants of people who kept others enslaved be held responsible for that wrong? What can they do to make things right? And what will it cost? [...]

She could set up an internship for young Black farmers, letting them work her land and keep the profit. Maybe her Black neighbors wanted preservation work done on their church cemetery.

Or maybe — and this is where the discussion gets complicated — she should give some land or money from the sale of it to descendants of the Black people who had helped her family build wealth, either as enslaved people in the 1800s or, later, as sharecroppers 4 who lived in two small shacks on her land. [...]

As the only young woman running a farm in the valley, Ms. Marshall already feels like a curiosity. She expects that people will turn on 5 her for telling the community’s story through the lens of slavery.

The New York Times, July 7, 2021

1 idealistic

2 an act showing you feel sorry for what you have done wrong

3 Her individual questioning echoes the national debate.

4 farmers who give part of what they cultivate as rent

5 criticize

Document C

Rob Tornoe, Whyy.org, February 15, 2016

[In 2016, Governor Jack Markell apologized for slavery on behalf of the state of Delaware.]

Partie 2 [4 pts]

Transposition en français.

Rendez compte des principales idées exprimées dans le document B, en français et de manière structurée. (110 – 130 mots)

Document A

London flood risk: Map shows areas that could be regularly underwater by 2030

Document B

The Thames Barrier

MyLondon, 2021

[Since 1982, the barrier has been protecting central London from tidal 1 flooding. Its retractable gates can be lifted to regulate the flow of water. In the picture above, in 2018, it was closed to prevent flooding from a storm and spring tides.]

1 tidal: lié aux marées

Document C

London’s flooding is sure to worsen

Development means floodplains 1 are being covered by concrete 2

Londoners like to remind visitors that, despite their city’s reputation for dreary weather, rain is in fact less common than in some sunnier climes. Rome gets more total precipitation each year; New York City gets almost twice as much, and has far more rainy days. In general, Britain’s capital is grey but fairly dry, with predictable and moderate weather.

That may be changing. On July 25th parts of the city saw over 5cm of rain in just a few hours, an amount that would normally take an entire month to fall. The result was flash flooding. In east London two hospitals told patients to stay away; one, Whipps Cross, had to evacuate around 100 patients after a power cut. Hundreds of cars were stranded on roads that suddenly became rivers, while a dozen Tube stations were forced to close. […]

Most of the railway stations that were closed reopened the next day; so did the hospitals. Yet such incidents are likely to become more common in the capital. Even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C, an international goal that looks increasingly likely to be missed, winter rainfall could increase by 59%, according to a government study of the Thames Estuary flooding risk published in February. A particular issue is the Thames barrier which stops tidal floods from washing back up into the city. It was closed just ten times in the decade after construction finished in 1981. But since 2010 it has closed 80 times. The study predicted that “once-a-century sea level events are expected to become annual”.

The problem is exacerbated by the way London has developed. […] Much new housing has been built in places vulnerable to flooding, such as along the Thames Estuary or the Lea River Valley, the site of the 2012 Olympic Park. Between 2014 and 2017 the population living near the park more than doubled, from around 10,000 to 26,000. By 2031 it is expected to reach almost 100,000. All that extra concrete means water struggles to flow away. […]

Some improvements already under way would help. A new “super sewer” 3 intended to augment the existing system, which dates from Victorian times, will open in 2025. It will not stop flooding, but ought to stop sewage from flowing untreated into the Thames.

The Economist, July 31 2021

1 A floodplain is a flat area of land next to a river. It is often flooded when the river becomes too full.

2 béton

3 égout

Document D

Rewilding 1 project aims to give Thames its floodplain back

Just a few minutes from Richmond station, the River Thames flows past a parade of royal palaces, stately homes and well-groomed parks. Known as the Arcadian Thames, or London’s countryside, this is where the capital begins to transform into the wilderness beyond it.

But this is a wilderness that has been tamed and controlled over time, much like the rest of the river. To help boats moving along it and to protect riverside communities from flooding, much of the Thames has been straightened and canalised. […]

The dangers of building on floodplains have been exposed more than ever in recent weeks, as a series of storms left hundreds of homes and businesses deluged by water across the UK. The Guardian has revealed that more than 11,000 homes in England will be built on land with a high risk of flooding in the coming years and in some of the areas most affected by the recent floods, up to one in five homes built between 2015-2018 were built in flood zones.

“[…] The river is telling us that it wants that floodplain back,” says Jason Debney, the coordinator of the Thames Landscape Strategy (TLS), a partnership of 15 organisations and more than 200 community groups leading a multi-million pound project to restore and rewild the Arcadian floodplain. […]

Debney says: “You can either have that flood defence and be completely disconnected from the river, or you can have a rewilding process, and keep the character of the river.” Healthy floodplains also bring other benefits, as they are a natural habitat for many species. […]

In Richmond’s Old Deer Park, one of six sites chosen for the rewilding project, an expanse of grass is regularly flooded, rendering it unusable. Debney says the plan would transform this barren area into “one of the most diverse, wet ecosystems anywhere in the country”.

The Guardian, February, 27 th 2020

1 protecting an environment by returning it to its natural state

Partie 1

[16 points]

Prenez connaissance du dossier proposé, composé des documents A, B, C et D non hiérarchisés et traitez en anglais le sujet suivant (500 mots environ):

Taking into account the specificities of the documents, show how human and natural causes affect flood risks along the river Thames, and present some of the solutions that have been developed or considered.

Document A

London flood risk: Map shows areas that could be regularly underwater by 2030

Document B

The Thames Barrier

MyLondon, 2021

[Since 1982, the barrier has been protecting central London from tidal 1 flooding. Its retractable gates can be lifted to regulate the flow of water. In the picture above, in 2018, it was closed to prevent flooding from a storm and spring tides.]

1 tidal: lié aux marées

Document C

London’s flooding is sure to worsen

Development means floodplains 1 are being covered by concrete 2

Londoners like to remind visitors that, despite their city’s reputation for dreary weather, rain is in fact less common than in some sunnier climes. Rome gets more total precipitation each year; New York City gets almost twice as much, and has far more rainy days. In general, Britain’s capital is grey but fairly dry, with predictable and moderate weather.

That may be changing. On July 25th parts of the city saw over 5cm of rain in just a few hours, an amount that would normally take an entire month to fall. The result was flash flooding. In east London two hospitals told patients to stay away; one, Whipps Cross, had to evacuate around 100 patients after a power cut. Hundreds of cars were stranded on roads that suddenly became rivers, while a dozen Tube stations were forced to close. […]

Most of the railway stations that were closed reopened the next day; so did the hospitals. Yet such incidents are likely to become more common in the capital. Even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C, an international goal that looks increasingly likely to be missed, winter rainfall could increase by 59%, according to a government study of the Thames Estuary flooding risk published in February. A particular issue is the Thames barrier which stops tidal floods from washing back up into the city. It was closed just ten times in the decade after construction finished in 1981. But since 2010 it has closed 80 times. The study predicted that “once-a-century sea level events are expected to become annual”.

The problem is exacerbated by the way London has developed. […] Much new housing has been built in places vulnerable to flooding, such as along the Thames Estuary or the Lea River Valley, the site of the 2012 Olympic Park. Between 2014 and 2017 the population living near the park more than doubled, from around 10,000 to 26,000. By 2031 it is expected to reach almost 100,000. All that extra concrete means water struggles to flow away. […]

Some improvements already under way would help. A new “super sewer” 3 intended to augment the existing system, which dates from Victorian times, will open in 2025. It will not stop flooding, but ought to stop sewage from flowing untreated into the Thames.

The Economist, July 31 2021

1 A floodplain is a flat area of land next to a river. It is often flooded when the river becomes too full.

2 béton

3 égout

Document D

Rewilding 1 project aims to give Thames its floodplain back

Just a few minutes from Richmond station, the River Thames flows past a parade of royal palaces, stately homes and well-groomed parks. Known as the Arcadian Thames, or London’s countryside, this is where the capital begins to transform into the wilderness beyond it.

But this is a wilderness that has been tamed and controlled over time, much like the rest of the river. To help boats moving along it and to protect riverside communities from flooding, much of the Thames has been straightened and canalised. […]

The dangers of building on floodplains have been exposed more than ever in recent weeks, as a series of storms left hundreds of homes and businesses deluged by water across the UK. The Guardian has revealed that more than 11,000 homes in England will be built on land with a high risk of flooding in the coming years and in some of the areas most affected by the recent floods, up to one in five homes built between 2015-2018 were built in flood zones.

“[…] The river is telling us that it wants that floodplain back,” says Jason Debney, the coordinator of the Thames Landscape Strategy (TLS), a partnership of 15 organisations and more than 200 community groups leading a multi-million pound project to restore and rewild the Arcadian floodplain. […]

Debney says: “You can either have that flood defence and be completely disconnected from the river, or you can have a rewilding process, and keep the character of the river.” Healthy floodplains also bring other benefits, as they are a natural habitat for many species. […]

In Richmond’s Old Deer Park, one of six sites chosen for the rewilding project, an expanse of grass is regularly flooded, rendering it unusable. Debney says the plan would transform this barren area into “one of the most diverse, wet ecosystems anywhere in the country”.

The Guardian, February, 27 th 2020

1 protecting an environment by returning it to its natural state

Partie 2 [4 pts]

Traduisez en français le passage suivant du document C (l. 2-8):

Londoners like to remind visitors that, despite their city's reputation for dreary weather, rain is in fact less common than in some sunnier climes. Rome gets more total precipitation each year; New York City gets almost twice as much, and has far more rainy days. In general, Britain's capital is grey but fairly dry, with predictable and moderate weather.

That may be changing. On July 25th parts of the city saw over 5cm of rain in just a few hours, an amount that would normally take an entire month to fall.