Examen de Inglés PAU Valencia 2024 · Ordinaria

TEXT A

HOW INFLUENCERS ACTUALLY INFLUENCE YOU

Online social networks provide a platform upon which influence can be created out of nothing. Psychologist Robert Cialdini’s basic principles of influence, proposed in 1984, are all relevant and present on these networks. Consider, for example, how successful influencers share attractive stories that impact an audience. Frequent postings and interactions help make influencers easier to identify to fans and give followers a sense of familiarity. Many influencers also manage to establish themselves as experts or authorities within their topics, even without the accreditation of researchers.

Humans are by nature social animals, as Aristotle pointed out, but we are not especially exigent about how real our connections are. People naturally form parasocial relationships, feeling a deep emotional connection to someone without any direct interaction. We feel as if we know our favorite movie stars personally, and when the voice of a podcaster fills a room, we feel less alone. We recognize familiar faces, both on the internet and on the street, and form a sense of attachment to people we have never met.

The influence of parasocial relationships has increased as online platforms have emerged. “Technology proposes itself as the architect of our friendships,” sociologist Sherry Turkle suggested in a book in which she explored how technology can both shape and replace face-to-face interaction. As work becomes more remote, the distinction between “real” and “virtual” has become less clear, creating an opportunity for wise online personalities who seek to become as familiar to us, and as influential, as our closest friends.

Adapted from an article by Richard Dancsi, Psychology Today, 4-12-23.

A1. Answer the following questions using your own words but taking into account the information in the text. (2 points: 1 point each)

a.

What are parasocial relationships?

b.

How has technology influenced human interaction according to Sherry Turkle?

TEXT A

HOW INFLUENCERS ACTUALLY INFLUENCE YOU

Online social networks provide a platform upon which influence can be created out of nothing. Psychologist Robert Cialdini’s basic principles of influence, proposed in 1984, are all relevant and present on these networks. Consider, for example, how successful influencers share attractive stories that impact an audience. Frequent postings and interactions help make influencers easier to identify to fans and give followers a sense of familiarity. Many influencers also manage to establish themselves as experts or authorities within their topics, even without the accreditation of researchers.

Humans are by nature social animals, as Aristotle pointed out, but we are not especially exigent about how real our connections are. People naturally form parasocial relationships, feeling a deep emotional connection to someone without any direct interaction. We feel as if we know our favorite movie stars personally, and when the voice of a podcaster fills a room, we feel less alone. We recognize familiar faces, both on the internet and on the street, and form a sense of attachment to people we have never met.

The influence of parasocial relationships has increased as online platforms have emerged. “Technology proposes itself as the architect of our friendships,” sociologist Sherry Turkle suggested in a book in which she explored how technology can both shape and replace face-to-face interaction. As work becomes more remote, the distinction between “real” and “virtual” has become less clear, creating an opportunity for wise online personalities who seek to become as familiar to us, and as influential, as our closest friends.

Adapted from an article by Richard Dancsi, Psychology Today, 4-12-23.

A2. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)? Identify the part of the text that supports your answer by copying the exact passage on the answer sheet. (1.5 points: 0.5 each)

.

TEXT A

HOW INFLUENCERS ACTUALLY INFLUENCE YOU

Online social networks provide a platform upon which influence can be created out of nothing. Psychologist Robert Cialdini’s basic principles of influence, proposed in 1984, are all relevant and present on these networks. Consider, for example, how successful influencers share attractive stories that impact an audience. Frequent postings and interactions help make influencers easier to identify to fans and give followers a sense of familiarity. Many influencers also manage to establish themselves as experts or authorities within their topics, even without the accreditation of researchers.

Humans are by nature social animals, as Aristotle pointed out, but we are not especially exigent about how real our connections are. People naturally form parasocial relationships, feeling a deep emotional connection to someone without any direct interaction. We feel as if we know our favorite movie stars personally, and when the voice of a podcaster fills a room, we feel less alone. We recognize familiar faces, both on the internet and on the street, and form a sense of attachment to people we have never met.

The influence of parasocial relationships has increased as online platforms have emerged. “Technology proposes itself as the architect of our friendships,” sociologist Sherry Turkle suggested in a book in which she explored how technology can both shape and replace face-to-face interaction. As work becomes more remote, the distinction between “real” and “virtual” has become less clear, creating an opportunity for wise online personalities who seek to become as familiar to us, and as influential, as our closest friends.

Adapted from an article by Richard Dancsi, Psychology Today, 4-12-23.

A3. Find a synonym for each of the four words below from these six options. All words are underlined in the text (1 point: 0.25 each)

audience • accreditation • exigent • attachment • remote • wise

.

➜

TEXT A

HOW INFLUENCERS ACTUALLY INFLUENCE YOU

Online social networks provide a platform upon which influence can be created out of nothing. Psychologist Robert Cialdini’s basic principles of influence, proposed in 1984, are all relevant and present on these networks. Consider, for example, how successful influencers share attractive stories that impact an audience. Frequent postings and interactions help make influencers easier to identify to fans and give followers a sense of familiarity. Many influencers also manage to establish themselves as experts or authorities within their topics, even without the accreditation of researchers.

Humans are by nature social animals, as Aristotle pointed out, but we are not especially exigent about how real our connections are. People naturally form parasocial relationships, feeling a deep emotional connection to someone without any direct interaction. We feel as if we know our favorite movie stars personally, and when the voice of a podcaster fills a room, we feel less alone. We recognize familiar faces, both on the internet and on the street, and form a sense of attachment to people we have never met.

The influence of parasocial relationships has increased as online platforms have emerged. “Technology proposes itself as the architect of our friendships,” sociologist Sherry Turkle suggested in a book in which she explored how technology can both shape and replace face-to-face interaction. As work becomes more remote, the distinction between “real” and “virtual” has become less clear, creating an opportunity for wise online personalities who seek to become as familiar to us, and as influential, as our closest friends.

Adapted from an article by Richard Dancsi, Psychology Today, 4-12-23.

A4. Choose a, b, or c, in each question below. Only one choice is correct. (1.5 points: 0.5 each)

.

Part II. Composition (130 to 150 words approximately) (4 points)

A5.

What is your opinion about influencers?

La teva redacció s'ha desat. Revisa els criteris oficials de correcció a la solució.

Part I. Reading Comprehension

TEXT B/TEXTO B

ON OUR WAY TO A NEW RECORD GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE?

With 2023 the warmest year on record, 2024 could see the unwelcome milestone of 1.5° of warming reached for a full year. The year 2023 has been confirmed as the warmest in recorded history, with average global temperatures topping 1.5° of heating above preindustrial levels for more than one third of the year. It continues the rapid warming trend, with the 10 warmest years in human history all having occurred since 2010.

So, what could 2024 hold? Forecasts suggest the year ahead is likely to be another record breaker, with a strong possibility that this could be the first full year to go beyond 1.5° of warming. The ongoing El Niño event, which brings warmer waters to the tropical Pacific Ocean, is helping to push global temperatures up, but UK Met Office scientists say the main driver of the record-breaking temperatures is human-induced warming. Their global outlook for 2024 suggests we will end the next year with average global temperatures somewhere between 1.34° and 1.58° above preindustrial levels.

Overshooting 1.5° would be an unwelcome milestone but it would not mean we have breached the Paris agreement. Curiously, the 2015 climate accord did not define how we would recognize that the 1.5° target had been surpassed, but it is widely accepted to mean a longer-term average over 20 years or so. Rather than waiting decades for data to roll in, recent research published in Nature suggests using a blend of observations and model projections to test when 1.5° has been passed.

Adapted from an article by Kate Ravilious, The Guardian, 4-1-2024.

B1. Answer the following questions using your own words but taking into account the information in the text. (2 points: 1 point each)

a.

What do predictions for 2024 suggest about temperature records?

b.

What does El Niño do and what are its consequences?

Part I. Reading Comprehension

TEXT B/TEXTO B

ON OUR WAY TO A NEW RECORD GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE?

With 2023 the warmest year on record, 2024 could see the unwelcome milestone of 1.5° of warming reached for a full year. The year 2023 has been confirmed as the warmest in recorded history, with average global temperatures topping 1.5° of heating above preindustrial levels for more than one third of the year. It continues the rapid warming trend, with the 10 warmest years in human history all having occurred since 2010.

So, what could 2024 hold? Forecasts suggest the year ahead is likely to be another record breaker, with a strong possibility that this could be the first full year to go beyond 1.5° of warming. The ongoing El Niño event, which brings warmer waters to the tropical Pacific Ocean, is helping to push global temperatures up, but UK Met Office scientists say the main driver of the record-breaking temperatures is human-induced warming. Their global outlook for 2024 suggests we will end the next year with average global temperatures somewhere between 1.34° and 1.58° above preindustrial levels.

Overshooting 1.5° would be an unwelcome milestone but it would not mean we have breached the Paris agreement. Curiously, the 2015 climate accord did not define how we would recognize that the 1.5° target had been surpassed, but it is widely accepted to mean a longer-term average over 20 years or so. Rather than waiting decades for data to roll in, recent research published in Nature suggests using a blend of observations and model projections to test when 1.5° has been passed.

Adapted from an article by Kate Ravilious, The Guardian, 4-1-2024.

B2. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)? Identify the part of the text that supports your answer by copying the exact passage on the answer sheet. (1.5 points: 0.5 each)

a.

For more than half of 2023, the global average temperature of 1.5° has been passed.

True

False

b.

Forecasts show that, during one third of 2024, global average temperatures will not exceed 1.5° compared to the preindustrial era.

True

False

c.

Some studies propose that it is necessary to compare data from several sources to confirm when the 1.5° target has been exceeded.

True

False

Part I. Reading Comprehension

TEXT B/TEXTO B

ON OUR WAY TO A NEW RECORD GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE?

With 2023 the warmest year on record, 2024 could see the unwelcome milestone of 1.5° of warming reached for a full year. The year 2023 has been confirmed as the warmest in recorded history, with average global temperatures topping 1.5° of heating above preindustrial levels for more than one third of the year. It continues the rapid warming trend, with the 10 warmest years in human history all having occurred since 2010.

So, what could 2024 hold? Forecasts suggest the year ahead is likely to be another record breaker, with a strong possibility that this could be the first full year to go beyond 1.5° of warming. The ongoing El Niño event, which brings warmer waters to the tropical Pacific Ocean, is helping to push global temperatures up, but UK Met Office scientists say the main driver of the record-breaking temperatures is human-induced warming. Their global outlook for 2024 suggests we will end the next year with average global temperatures somewhere between 1.34° and 1.58° above preindustrial levels.

Overshooting 1.5° would be an unwelcome milestone but it would not mean we have breached the Paris agreement. Curiously, the 2015 climate accord did not define how we would recognize that the 1.5° target had been surpassed, but it is widely accepted to mean a longer-term average over 20 years or so. Rather than waiting decades for data to roll in, recent research published in Nature suggests using a blend of observations and model projections to test when 1.5° has been passed.

Adapted from an article by Kate Ravilious, The Guardian, 4-1-2024.

B3. Find a synonym for each of the four words below from these six options. All words are underlined in the text (1 point: 0.25 each)

milestone reached trend outlook breached blend

a. mix

→

b. discovery

→

c. arrived

→

d. prospect

→

Part I. Reading Comprehension

TEXT B/TEXTO B

ON OUR WAY TO A NEW RECORD GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE?

With 2023 the warmest year on record, 2024 could see the unwelcome milestone of 1.5° of warming reached for a full year. The year 2023 has been confirmed as the warmest in recorded history, with average global temperatures topping 1.5° of heating above preindustrial levels for more than one third of the year. It continues the rapid warming trend, with the 10 warmest years in human history all having occurred since 2010.

So, what could 2024 hold? Forecasts suggest the year ahead is likely to be another record breaker, with a strong possibility that this could be the first full year to go beyond 1.5° of warming. The ongoing El Niño event, which brings warmer waters to the tropical Pacific Ocean, is helping to push global temperatures up, but UK Met Office scientists say the main driver of the record-breaking temperatures is human-induced warming. Their global outlook for 2024 suggests we will end the next year with average global temperatures somewhere between 1.34° and 1.58° above preindustrial levels.

Overshooting 1.5° would be an unwelcome milestone but it would not mean we have breached the Paris agreement. Curiously, the 2015 climate accord did not define how we would recognize that the 1.5° target had been surpassed, but it is widely accepted to mean a longer-term average over 20 years or so. Rather than waiting decades for data to roll in, recent research published in Nature suggests using a blend of observations and model projections to test when 1.5° has been passed.

Adapted from an article by Kate Ravilious, The Guardian, 4-1-2024.

B4. Choose a, b, or c, in each question below. Only one choice is correct. (1.5 points: 0.5 each)

1.

Year 2023 has been the hottest…

2.

UK Met Office states that the main cause of all temperature records is…

3.

The Paris agreement stipulated not to exceed 1.5°of warming…

Part II. Composition (130 to 150 words approximately) [4 points]

B5. Do you agree that climate is changing and causing an impact on the Earth? Give reasons.