Aufgabe Vorschlag A - Aufgaben 1 und 2 · Abitur Hessen Politik und Wirtschaft GK · bilingual Englisch 2022

Material

Christian Reiermann: Stimulus measures have helped German economy buck 1 the Corona Crisis (2020)

1 The stimulus policies being pursued by Economics Minister Peter Altmaier and Finance Minister Olaf Scholz to curb the economic crisis caused by COVID-19 are not unlike a game of extremely high-stakes poker. They have funneled hundreds of billions of euros into a wide range of rescue and bailout measures - in the belief that they will have the desired effect.

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5 Altmaier and Scholz believe that government policies were a significant reason for this positive development, and they do indeed have a few arguments on their side. Berlin reacted quickly and decisively to the crisis and mobilized more money, as a share of GDP, than any other country in the world. More than 1 trillion euros were made available for emergency loans, guarantees and direct aid - around one-third of the country's annual gross domestic product (GDP).

10 For the economic stimulus program alone, the German government has earmarked 2 130 billion euros for this year and next. The greatest share of that money is expected to be doled out by the end of this year.

It appears to be working. In June, the German economy recorded the highest month-on-month increase in exports in 30 years, with industrial orders jumping by 28 percent. Furthermore, consumer spending is recovering particularly strongly, with retail sales in May and June already back to pre-crisis levels.

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Economics is not an exact science. Economists are at loggerheads 3 when it comes to many questions, but there is broad consensus on the basic assessment of the German rescue program. The scale and determination of the programs made a major contribution to the fact that an even deeper slump was avoided.

20 The government's attempt to stabilize the income of the German people is considered a success. Measures including expanding the government-subsidized work furlough program 4 to an unprecedented extent. The government provided generous grants to small businesses and self-employed people whose revenues collapsed as a result of the lockdown.

25 The result has been rather incredible. Although gross domestic product (GDP) shrank by almost 10 percent during the second quarter, disposable incomes fell by only 0.8 percent. [...]

Lars Feld, chairman of the German Council of Economic Experts, which advises the federal government on economic issues, is also full of praise for the policy action taken. The council specifically singled out the moderate increase in unemployment - of just 600,000 - as a particularly notable success. "That's relatively low considering the collapse," he says. Germany has fared especially well, he says, in comparison to the United States, where several million jobs have been lost.

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But not all of the expensive instruments for fighting the crisis have worked as intended. Take, for example, the VAT (sales tax) reduction. That measure, which runs through the end of the year, was intended to stimulate consumption. The Institute for Macroeconomics and Economic Research, which

35 has close links with Germany's labor unions, found in a survey that only a quarter of consumers were prepared to make additional purchases as a result. The reason: Many suspect that retailers haven't lowered their prices to reflect the change.

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38 Even less effective than the reduction in the VAT has been the bridge loans for small- to medium-sized businesses, because few companies are taking them. The German government earmarked 25 billion euros for this program, but companies have so far only taken out 700 million euros in such loans.

40 Other projects still have to be approved by Brussels, and the delays have been problematic. It is quite possibly 5 that the barriers will only be removed once that money is no longer needed because the economy has already largely recovered. "The federal government runs the risk that many of its measures will have a pro-cyclical effect," warns Feld. "This applies particularly to the planned infrastructure measures" - including, for example, 5G infrastructure or hydrogen technology. These initiatives require considerable lead time because they are subject to sometimes lengthy approval procedures. It's possible that they won't be implemented until the next upswing is already in full swing.

50 The respected Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW) has warned that a number of these measures could even prove harmful. Many of them, they argue, are simply subsidies that help cement outdated and uncompetitive structures at the government's expense.

52 Researchers are forecasting that the stimulus package will increase subsidies by 72.6 billion euros. Of that amount, 4.4 billion euros would be downright harmful - the funds for increasing purchase premiums for electric cars, for example. Researchers criticize the fact that the state is unilaterally promoting a certain technology at the expense of alternatives through that premium.

1 to buck – to resist

2 to earmark – sth. will be used for a special purpose

3 to be at loggerheads – to be in conflict with someone

4 work furlough program – Kurzarbeit

5 possibly – possible

Christian Reiermann: Stimulus measures have bucked the corona crisis, in: Spiegel online, 08.09.2020, URL: https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/a-v-shaped-recovery-german-stimulus-measures-have-bucked-the-corona-crisis-a-84685ddd-38d0-47ba-8c0b-5364c5e6f028 (abgerufen am 12.07.2021).

Aufgaben

1

Summarize the text. (Material)

(30 BE)

2

Put the stimulus measures taken by the German government during the coronavirus pandemic (Material) into the context of major economic theories.

(40 BE)