English Grammar Guide: Future, Past, and Present Tenses

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GRAMMAR: PAST TENSES 2 BATX pág. 1 FUTURE WITH WILL FORM Subject + WILL + main VERB in the BASE FORM (V1) + Complement. Example: They will visit Anne at the hospital tomorrow. Subject + WILL + NOT + main VERB in the BASE FORM (V1) + Complement. Example: They won't visit Anne at the hospital tomorrow. WILL + Subject + main VERB in the BASE FORM (V1) + Complement. Example: Will they visit Anne at the hospital tomorrow? USE PREDICTIONS NOT BASED ON PRESENT EVIDENCE: It looks as if Jake will lose his job. FUTURE FACTS: The factory will open in July. DECISIONS MADE AT THE MOMENT OF SPEAKING: " know! l'll ask for a pay rise tomorrow.

OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS: I'll help you with the advertising campaign. PROMISES: " promise you you won't lose your job. REQUESTS: Will you give a presentation on the sales figures? REFUSALS (WON'T): No, I won't give a presentation on the sales figures. USE OF SHALL FOR OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS IN THE QUESTION FORM , WITH I AND WE, WE USE SHALL NOT WILL. Shall I help you with the advertising campaign? (OFFER) Shall we discuss this in the morning? (SUGGESTION) FOR REQUESTS, WE CAN ALSO USE WOULD, COULD, OR CAN. WOULD AND COULD ARE MORE POLITE THAN WILL AND CAN. Example: Would you give a presentation on the sales figures? FOR REFUSALS, WE CAN ALSO USE COULDN'T OR CAN'T.

COULDN'T IS MORE POLITE THAN WON'T AND CAN'T. Example: No, I couldn't give a presentation on the sales figures. IN BRITISH ENGLISH, SHALL IS SOMETIMES USED WITH I AND WE INSTEAD OF WILL. Example: I shall be in touch with you soon. TIME EXPRESSIONS IN THE FUTURE, TOMORROW, TOMORROW MORNING, NEXT WEEK / MONTH / YEAR, IN TWO DAYS / A FEW WEEKS / 2030, SOON, LATER, RIGHT NOW / IMMEDIATELY, ONE DAY / SOMEDAY Example: I think people will live on Mars someday. FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO FORM Subject + PRESENT form of 'BE': AM (I), IS (he, she, it), ARE (we, you, they) + GOING TO + INFINITIVE of the main verb + Complement. Example: I am going to travel to San Francisco one day.

Subject + PRESENT form of 'BE': AM (I), IS (he, she, it), ARE (we, you, they) + NOT + GOING TO + INFINITIVE of the main verb + Complement. Example: I am not going to fail this exam. PRESENT form of 'BE': AM (I), IS (he, she, it), ARE (we, you, they) + Subject + GOING TO + INFINITIVE of the main verb + Complement? Example: Are you going to study in the library this afternoon? USE FUTURE FACTS: The website is going to come online next week. DECISIONS MADE AT THE MOMENT OF SPEAKING: I have decided! l'm not going to get a new DVD Player just yet! GRAMMAR: PAST TENSES 2 BATX pág. 2 PREDICTIONS BASED ON PRESENT EVIDENCE: Look at that wall. It looks as if it is going to fall.

PLANS AND INTENTIONS (WHICH YOU ALREADY HAVE WHEN YOU SPEAK): I'm going to get a degree at university, then get a well-paid job. TIME EXPRESSIONS TOMORROW, TOMORROW MORNING, NEXT WEEK / MONTH / YEAR, IN TWO DAYS / A FEW WEEKS / 2030, SOON, LATER, TONIGHT, THIS WEEKEND / SUMMER. Example: We are going to travel to Rome this weekend. PRESENT SIMPLE SEE FORM IN GRAMMAR: PRESENT TENSES USE FIXED FUTURE EVENTS (IN TIMETABLES, SCHEDULES AND OFFICIAL CALENDARS): The shop closes at 3 pm next Saturday. TIME EXPRESSIONS TOMORROW, TOMORROW MORNING, NEXT DAY OF THE WEEK / WEEK / MONTH / YEAR, IN TWO DAYS / A FEW WEEKS / 2030, SOON, LATER, AT [TIME] / ON [DAY], EVERY THURSDAY.

Example: The museum opens at 10:00 every Tuesday/on Tuesdays. PRESENT CONTINUOUS SEE FORM IN GRAMMAR: PRESENT TENSES USE ARRANGEMENTS MADE BEFORE THE MOMENT OF SPEAKING: I'm meeting Fiona on Friday to discuss the advertising campaign. INTENTIONS: I am asking for a pay rise tomorrow. TIME EXPRESSIONS TOMORROW, TOMORROW MORNING, NEXT WEEK / MONTH / YEAR, IN TWO DAYS / A FEW WEEKS / 2030, SOON, LATER, AT [TIME] / ON [DAY], THIS FRIDAY / THIS AFTERNOON. Example: I'm meeting Edgar this afternoon. FUTURE CONTINUOUS FORM Subject + WILL + BE + main verb ending in "-ing" + complement. Example: This time next week, I will be taking my biology exam.

Subject + WILL + NOT + BE + main verb ending in "-ing" + complement. Example: I won't be taking the A-level exam. WILL + Subject + BE + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement? Example: Will they be taking the A-level exam? USE SITUATIONS IN PROGRESS AT A CERTAIN TIME IN THE FUTURE: This time next year, I will be travelling around Russia with my family. SITUATIONS WHICH WILL HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE IN THE NORMAL COURSE OF EVENTS: The company Chairperson will be arriving on Thursday. HABITS OR REPEATED ACTIONS AT A POINT IN THE FUTURE: I think that, in the future, more and more students will be choosing vocational training instead of university.

TEMPORARY EXPRESSIONS AT THIS TIME TOMORROW / NEXT WEEK, AT [SPECIFIC TIME] TOMORROW / TONIGHT, THIS TIME NEXT MONTH / YEAR, IN TWO YEARS / A FEW WEEKS, WHILE / AS + [PRESENT SIMPLE]. Example: Don't call me at 8 PM tonight; we will be having dinner. GRAMMAR: PAST TENSES 2 BATX pág. 3 FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE FORM Subject + WILL + HAVE + Past participle of the main verb (V3) + complement. Example: Jake will have lost his job by the end of the week. Subject + WILL + HAVE + NOT + Past participle of the main verb (V3) + complement. Example: Jake won't have lost his job by the end of the week. HAD + Subject + BEEN + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement?

Example: Will Jake have lost his job by the end of the week? USE COMPLETED ACTIONS BEFORE A CERTAIN TIME: It looks as if Jake will have lost his job by the end of the week. CONTINUING ACTIONS UP TO A CERTAIN TIME: This time next month, I will have worked at the company for exactly 25 years. TEMPORARY EXPRESSIONS FOR, SINCE, ALL DAY, ALL MORNING, ALL WEEK, BEFORE, WHEN, WHILE, ONCE, AS SOON AS, BY TOMORROW / NEXT WEEK / 2030, BY THE TIME + [PRESENT SIMPLE], BY THIS TIME TOMORROW / NEXT YEAR, IN A WEEK / FIVE YEARS Example: By next month, I will have finished my project. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM Subject + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement.

Example: She had will have been the room. Subject + HAD + not + BEEN + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement. Example: I haven't will have been been writing the assignment. HAD + Subject + BEEN + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement? Example: Have they been doing the tasks? USE ACTIONS AND SITUATIONS CONTINUING UP TO A MOMENT IN THE PAST (EMPHASISES DURATION): This time next month, I will have been working at the company for exactly 25 years. TEMPORARY EXPRESSIONS WHEN, WHILE, ONCE, AS SOON AS, BY... FOR [DURATION] Example: By next January, I will have been working here for five years. BY THE TIME...

FOR [DURATION] Example: By the time the train arrives, we will have been waiting for an hour. OTHER WAYS TO EXPRESS THE FUTURE BE (JUST) ABOUT TO (FOR THE VERY NEAR FUTURE): I'm just about to ask for an exam review. BE (JUST) ON THE POINT/VERGE OF (FOR THE (VERY) NEAR FUTURE): I'm just on the point of looking for a private English teacher. BE DUE TO (FOR FORMAL ARRANGEMENTS): I'm due to hand in the final draft of the research project in October. BE TO DO (FOR OBLIGATIONS AND FORMAL ANNOUNCEMENTS): You are to get the first video recorded before Sunday! OTHER MODALS (MIGHT, MAY): I might ask for an exam review tomorrow. GRAMMAR: PAST TENSES 2 BATX pág.

4 FUTURE IN THE PAST WILL WOULD: I think the factory will open in September I thought the factory would open in September. PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE: I'm in a rush because the train leaves at 4. I was in a rush because the train left at 4. GRAMMAR: PAST TENSES 2 BATX pág. 1 PAST SIMPLE FORM Subject + Main VERB in the PAST [V2] + Complement. Example: They drank coffee. (IRREGULAR VERB). She played soccer. (REGULAR VERB) Subject + DID + NOT + main VERB in the BASE FORM (V1) + Complement. Example: She didn't drink fizzy drinks. DID + Subject + main VERB in the BASE FORM (V1) + Complement. Example: Did she play football on Tuesdays? RULES FOR THE -ED: 1.

For most regular verbs, add -ED to the end of the word without changing the base spelling. Example: walk walked; clean cleaned; watch watched 2. If a verb already ends in a silent "-e", just add "-d" instead of "-ed". Example: like liked; love loved; close closed 3. CONSONANT + Y: If the letter before the y is a consonant, change the "-y" to an –"ied". Example: study studied; try tried 4. VOWEL + Y: If the letter before the y is a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), keep the y and just add -ed. Example: play played; stay stayed 5. SHORT ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS: If a one-syllable verb ends in one consonant, one vowel, and one consonant (CVC), double the final consonant and add -ed.

Example: stop stopped; plan planned 6. EXCEPTIONS: Do not double the final consonant if the word ends in w, x, or y. Example: fix fixed; snow snowed 7. TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS: Double the final consonant only if the stress is on the second (last) syllable. Example: a. pre-FER preferred VIS-it visited (stress is on the first syllable, so it becomes visited) USE SINGLE COMPLETED ACTIONS: Sony and Philips invented the CD in the early 1980s. REPEATED OR HABITUAL ACTIONS IN THE PAST: We moved house a lot when I was a kid. GENERAL TRUTHS ABOUT THE PAST: Early clocks were usually very unreliable.

PERMANENT SITUATIONS AND STATES IN THE PAST: Did the ancient Egyptians have more advanced technology than other civilisations? THE MAIN EVENTS IN A STORY: Frank turned on the TV and sat on the sofa. TIME EXPRESSIONS YESTERDAY, LAST (e.g., last week, last month, last year, last Tuesday), AGO (e.g., three days ago, ten minutes ago), IN / ON / AT: Prepositions used for specific time points like IN + years (in 2010), on + dates (on June 5th), or AT + exact clock times (at 4 PM), WHEN GRAMMAR: PAST TENSES 2 BATX pág. 2 PAST SIMPLE VS. PRESENT PERFECT! In general, the PAST SIMPLE is used to refer to periods of time or moments which are finished.

The PRESENT PERFECT is used to refer to periods of time which continue up to the present. The nineteenth century saw many technological advances, such as the camera and the electric light bulb. There have been many technological advances in recent years, the most important being the spread of the Internet. The PAST SIMPLE is used to refer to events at a specific time in the past. The PRESENT PERFECT is used when the specific time something happened isn't important or relevant, or when the present result of a past event is important. I sent my first e-mail six months ago. Have you ever sent an e-mail before?

USED TO Past habits and states, particularly for the distant past: It used to seem strange to be able to communicate over long distances. WATCH OUT! Remember that USED TO is not the same as BE USED TO. BE USED TO refers to a situation that is now familiar or no longer strange. At first, people found sending messages by mobile strange, but now everyone's used to it. We use GET USED TO to refer to the process of becoming familiar with a situation. It's surprising how quickly people in the nineteenth century got used to travelling by train. PAST CONTINUOUS FORM Subject + Past form of 'BE': WAS (I, he, she, it), WERE (we, you, they) + main verb ending in '-ing' + Complement.

Example: I was listening to music. Subject + WAS/WERE + not + Main verb ending in '-ing' + Complement. Example: They weren't having lunch yesterday at 15:00. WAS/WERE + Subject + Main verb ending in '-ing' + Complement? Example: Was she driving your car yesterday? GRAMMAR: PAST TENSES 2 BATX pág. 3 REVIEW THE RULES FOR THE "-ING" AND THE STATIVE VERBS (PRESENT TENSES) USE ACTIONS IN PROGRESS AT A PARTICULAR MOMENT IN THE PAST: Were you chatting to Matt online at midnight last night? ACTIONS IN PROGRESS AROUND A PARTICULAR MOMENT IN THE PAST IN PHYSICS AND OTHER SCIENCES: At the turn of the twentieth century, many discoveries were being made.

TEMPORARY SITUATIONS AND SERIES OF ACTIONS IN THE PAST: At the time, I was working for a large software company in California. CHANGING AND DEVELOPING SITUATIONS IN THE PAST: I was getting frustrated with my internet provider so I decided to change. ANNOYING OR AMUSING PAST HABITS (USUALLY WITH ALWAYS): When she was young, Tina was always taking things apart to see how they worked. BACKGROUND INFORMATION IN A STORY: lt was raining outside, and people were making their way home after work. ACTIONS IN PROGRESS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME: Were you writing e-mails all yesterday morning? TWO ACTIONS IN PROGRESS AT THE SAME TIME: While I was playing a computer game, my brother was doing his homework.

TIME EXPRESSIONS WHILE / AS, AT A SPECIFIC TIME, ALL DAY / ALL NIGHT / THE WHOLE TIME, THIS TIME YESTERDAY, THIS TIME LAST YEAR Example: While I was reading the newspaper, my mum called. PAST CONTINUOUS VS PAST SIMPLE We often use the PAST CONTINUOUS to describe background events in progress and the past simple for the main events. We were talking about MP3s when Andrea mentioned her new music website. We normally use the PAST SIMPLE to describe regular or repeated actions in the past, not the past continuous. When I was a child, I visited my grandmother every week.

PAST CONTINUOUS VS PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS In general, the PAST CONTINUOUS is used to refer to actions in progress during periods of time or at moments that are finished. The PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS is used to refer to actions in progress during periods of time which continue up to the present. We were working on my computer for four hours yesterday. We have been working on my computer for four hours so far. GRAMMAR: PAST TENSES 2 BATX pág. 4 PAST PERFECT FORM Subject + Past form of HAVE: HAD (I, you, we, they, he, she, it) + Past participle of the main verb (V3) + Complement. Example: I had finished my homework before my mum came.

Subject + Had + Not + Past participle of the main verb (V3) + Complement. Example: I hadn't read the book HAD + Subject + Past participle of the main verb (V3) + Complement? Example: Had you eaten after you finished your homework? USE SITUATIONS AND STATES BEFORE THE PAST: Had you had your computer long before it broke down? COMPLETED ACTIONS BEFORE A MOMENT IN THE PAST: When the internet appeared, cinema had already become a popular form of entertainment. A SERIES OF ACTIONS CONTINUING UP TO A MOMENT IN THE PAST: By the time of his death, Thomas Edison had invented several things that changed everyday life.

COMPLETED ACTIONS WHERE THE IMPORTANT THING IS THE RESULT AT A MOMENT IN THE PAST: I beat Jason at International Captain because I'd played it a lot with my brother. TIME EXPRESSIONS BEFORE, AFTER, BY THE TIME, WHEN, UNTIL, JUST, ALREADY, YET, EVER, NEVER, FOR, SINCE GRAMMAR: PAST TENSES 2 BATX pág. 5 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM Subject + PAST form of HAVE: HAD (I, you, we, they, he, she, it) + BEEN + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement. Example: She had been cleaning the room. Subject + HAD + not + BEEN + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement. Example: I haven't been writing the assignment. HAD + Subject + BEEN + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement?

Example: Have they been doing the tasks? USE ACTIONS AND SITUATIONS CONTINUING UP TO A MOMENT IN THE PAST (OR JUST BEFORE A MOMENT IN THE PAST): She'd been creating computer games for over ten years before she finally had a hit. TEMPORARY EXPRESSIONS FOR, SINCE, ALL DAY, ALL MORNING, ALL WEEK, BEFORE, WHEN, BY THE TIME She'd been creating computer games for over ten years before she finally had a hit. GRAMMAR: PRESENT TENSES 2 BATX pág. 1 PRESENT SIMPLE FORM Subject + Main VERB in the base form [Add "-s" only to the third person singular (He, She, It)] + Complement. Example: They drink coffee. She plays soccer. Subject + DO/DOES + NOT + Main VERB in the base form (without -s) + Complement.

Example: She doesn't drink fizzy drinks. DO/DOES + Subject + Main VERB (without -s) + Complement. Example: Does she play football on Tuesdays? REMEMBER: In affirmative sentences, 'DO/DOES' is not needed. When "DOES" is used, the main verb does not take an "-S". The verbs "TO BE" and "HAVE GOT" are NEVER FORMED with "DO" or "DOES". Example: I am not Italian. I have not got any pets. RULES FOR THE -S IN THE THIRD PERSON SINGULAR: 1. A "-S" is usually added. Example: run runs; play plays; dance dances; laugh laughs. EXCEPTIONS: 2. Verbs ending in "-SS", "-CH", "-SH", "-X", "-ZZ" or "-O" add "-ES". Example: kiss kisses; go goes 3. Verbs ending in CONSONANT+ "Y" replaced the "-Y" by "-IES".

Example: cry cries. USE PERMANENT SITUATIONS AND STATES: My dad works in a bank. ROUTINES and HABITS: I always wake up at 7.00. GENERAL TRUTHS: The left-hand side of the brain controls the right-hand side of the body. STORIES AND JOKES: An Englishman goes to Madrid on holiday. He doesn't speak any Spanish… PROVERBS AND SAYINGS: Too many cooks spoil the broth. LIVE SPORTS EVENTS: Nico Williams passes to Torres. It's a goal! NEWSPAPER HEADLINES: Hawking wins Nobel Prize. SUMMARIES AND REVIEWS: The film ends with us not knowing whether they have been successful or not. INSTRUCTIONS AND DIRECTIONS: You turn left at the end of the road, and the school is up ahead.

FUTURE SCHEDULES: The train leaves at 19.00. TIME EXPRESSIONS ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY: ALWAYS, MAINLY, USUALLY, NORMALLY, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, RARELY, NEVER. Example: I always go jogging at 17.00. I am always tired. GRAMMAR: PRESENT TENSES 2 BATX pág. 2 OTHER TEMPORAL EXPRESSIONS (normally at the end of the sentence): EVERY DAY, EVERY WEEK, ON MONDAYS, TRADITIONALLY, CURRENTLY, AT THIS TIME AND AGE. Example: I play table tennis with my son every day. PRESENT CONTINUOUS FORM Subject + Present form of 'BE': AM (I), IS (he, she, it), ARE (we, you, they) + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement. Example: I am listening to music now. Subject + AM/IS/ARE + not + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement.

Example: They aren't having lunch right now. AM/IS/ARE + Subject + main verb ending in '-ing' + complement? Example: Is she driving a car today? RULES FOR THE -ING : 1. A "-ING" is usually added to the main verb without changing anything Example: cook cooking; play playing; work working 2. Verbs ending in a silent "-e", the "-e" is dropped before adding "-ing". Example: Live living; Make making; Write writing (EXEMPTION: if the verb ends in a double "-ee", both "-ee" are kept. Example: See seeing). 3. One-syllable verbs: Consonant + Vowel + Consonant: If a verb is short (one syllable) and ends in the Consonant + Vowel + Consonant, the final consonant must be doubled before adding "-ing".

Example: Run running; Swim swimming; Stop stopping (EXEMPTION: The consonants "w ", "x", and "y" are never doubled at the end of a word. Examples: Play playing; Fix fixing; Bow bowing). 4. Verbs ending in "-ie". If the verb ends with the letters "-ie", the "-ie" must be changed to a "-y-" before adding "-ing". Example: Die dying; Lie lying; Tie tying 5. In (UK), the letter "L" is always doubled. Example: Travel travelling USE MOMENT OF SPEAKING: Actions that are happening right now or around now: I am reading this chart. TEMPORARY SITUATIONS: She is preparing for the University Entrance Exam. CHANGES: The weather is getting warmer. FIXED FUTURE PLANS: They are visiting their uncle at 17.00.

GRAMMAR: PRESENT TENSES 2 BATX pág. 3 TIME EXPRESSIONS NOW, RIGHT NOW, AT THE MOMENT, AT PRESENT, FOR THE TIME BEING, CURRENTLY, TODAY, THIS WEEK, THIS MONTH, THIS YEAR. Example: I am reading an amazing novel at the moment. STATIVE VERBS (AN EXCEPTION) This type of verb is not normally used in continuous tenses when it describes A STATE RATHER THAN AN ACTION. THOUGHTS AND OPINIONS: agree, believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, mean, recognise, remember, suspect, think, understand. EXISTENCE: be, exist. FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish. SENSES AND PERCEPTION: appear, be, feel, hear, look, see, seem, smell, taste.

POSSESSION AND MEASUREMENT: belong, have, measure, own, possess, weigh. SOME EXAMPLES TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER IT IS A STATE OR AN ACTION HAVE: STATE: I have a cat. (Possession) vs. ACTION: I am having lunch right now. (An activity) THINK: STATE: I think it is a good idea. (An opinion) vs. ACTION: I am thinking about the test. (A mental process happening now) TASTE: STATE: The sauce tastes sweet. (A quality) vs ACTION: The chef is tasting the sauce. (Doing an action) PRESENT PERFECT FORM Subject + Present form of HAVE: HAVE (I, you, we, they) or HAS (he, she, it) + Past participle of the main verb (V3) + Complement. Example: I have finished my homework.

Subject + HAVE/HAS + not + Past participle (V3) of the main verb + Complement. Example: I haven't read the book yet. HAVE/HAS + Subject + Past participle (V3) of the main verb + Complement? Example: Have you eaten vegetables today? USE RELATING PAST AND PRESENT: recent actions with a current consequence or relevance. I've eaten too much. I have lost my passport. UNSPECIFIED TIME IN THE PAST: life experiences without indicating when they happened. She has won many awards. GRAMMAR: PRESENT TENSES 2 BATX pág. 4 UNFINISHED PERIOD: I haven't finished the assignment. NEW INFORMATION: I have just swallowed a fly! COMPLETION: I have finally finished the assignment.

REPEATED ACTIONS: She has watched the film over a dozen times. HOW MUCH (Uncountable: TIME) / HOW MANY (Countable: CHAIRS) / HOW MANY TIMES: to ask about the quantity or the number of times something has happened. How many times have you travelled abroad? TIME EXPRESSIONS JUST, ALREADY, YET, EVER, NEVER, SO FAR, UP TO NOW, RECENTLY, LATELY, FOR, SINCE, IT'S THE FIRST/ SECOND TIME… Example: I have JUST travelled to Edinburgh. I have ALREADY travelled to Edinburgh. I have NEVER travelled to Edinburgh. Have you EVER travelled to Edinburgh? I haven't travelled to Edinburgh YET. I haven't travelled to Edinburgh SO FAR. I haven't travelled to Edinburgh UP TO NOW.

I have travelled to Edinburgh LATELY. I haven't travelled to Edinburgh FOR 2 years. I haven't travelled to Edinburgh SINCE 2024. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM Subject + Present form of HAVE: HAVE (I, you, we, they) or HAS (he, she, it) + BEEN + Main verb ending in "-ing" + Complement. Example: She has been cleaning the room. Subject + HAVE/HAS + not + BEEN + Main verb ending in "-ing" + complement. Example: I haven't been writing the assignment. HAVE/HAS + Subject + BEEN + main verb ending in "-ing" + complement? Example: Have they been doing the tasks? USE RECENT ACTIONS WITH RESULTS IN THE PRESENT: It has been raining all day.

REPEATED ACTIONS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME: Jenny speaks Spanish well. She has been learning it for ten years. GRAMMAR: PRESENT TENSES 2 BATX pág. 5 TEMPORAL CHANGE OF ROUTINE: She has been waking up early lately to go for a morning jog. CONTINUITY UP TO THE PRESENT: She has been teaching for a very long time. HOW LONG: TO ASK ABOUT THE DURATION OF AN ACTIVITY: How long has it been raining? TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR, SINCE, ALL DAY, ALL MORNING, LATELY, RECENTLY. I have been learning English since Primary school. PRESENT PERFECT VS. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS! We usually use the present perfect simple to specify a particular number of times/things. I've written two essays this week.

We usually use the present perfect continuous to emphasise the duration of an action/situation. I've worked here for five years. (PRESENT PERFECT NO EMPHASIS. I am no longer working) / I've been working here for five years. (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS EMPHASISES THE DURATION. I don't know if I am no longer working. I want to explain how long….) IMPERATIVE FORM The imperative is formed with the basic form (v1) without to. Example: Be quiet! Call 112! For the negative, add don't. Example: Don't open the door! USE Commands or orders: Open the book to page 16.