Examen de Inglés PAU Madrid 2023 · Ordinaria Martes

TEXTO A

Theatre Audience Etiquette

Face masks, proof of vaccine and strict seating assignments might not sound like your ideal night out at the theatre. But while many of these rules may appear unprecedented in British performance venues, COVID-19 protocols can be connected to a long history of regulating audience behaviours in theatres. In the approximately 2,500 years of theatre history, rules and expectations of theatre audiences have reflected the ways that societies negotiate social norms. Spectators' conduct has frequently raised questions about how they should behave and who should oversee that behaviour.

Audiences in the theatre of ancient Greece were active participants in the many dramatic festivals. Aristotle describes an angry audience shutting down a performance after they perceived inconsistency in the show. Alongside this lively conduct was also an impulse to regulate audience behaviour: a kind of "theatre police" was tasked with maintaining order during performances. Sixteenth-century England was renowned for its noisy audiences who, in public outdoor theatres, could sleep, eat and drink heartily all while taking in Shakespeare's newest work. And in the mid-18th century, celebrated theatre manager David Garrick renovated his theatre to move the spectators off stage (up to that point audience members could actually sit on stage alongside the performers) and prevent them from entering the theatre via the actors' dressing rooms.

Nowadays, the notion of proper etiquette at the theatre persists, although the audience is more docile. Audience etiquette guides, which cover everything from dress code and late arrivals to coughing and unwrapping candies, are widely available today. Cell phone use has also become a particularly controversial issue, sometimes policed by the actors themselves: in 2015, American actress Patti Lupone stopped a New York City performance by physically confiscating an audience member's phone because it was ringing.

Adapted from "Theatre audience etiquette and norms have always shifted with the times," The Conversation, November 21, 2021. <https://theconversation.com/theatre-audience-etiquette-and-norms-have-always-shifted-with-the-times-169834>

QUESTIONS

A.1.- Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE? Copy the evidence from the text. Use a complete sentence. No marks are given for only TRUE or FALSE. (Puntuación máxima: 2 puntos)

a)

In Shakespeare's times, theatre viewers were forbidden to eat during performances.

TRUE

FALSE

b)

Theatre audiences today have easy access to information on how to behave properly.

TRUE

FALSE

A.2.- In your own words and based on the ideas in the text, answer the following questions. Do not copy from the text. (Puntuación máxima: 2 puntos)

a)

Which two changes did Mr. Garrick implement in his theatre?

b)

What did Patti Lupone do during the performance in 2015?

TEXTO A

Theatre Audience Etiquette

Face masks, proof of vaccine and strict seating assignments might not sound like your ideal night out at the theatre. But while many of these rules may appear unprecedented in British performance venues, COVID-19 protocols can be connected to a long history of regulating audience behaviours in theatres. In the approximately 2,500 years of theatre history, rules and expectations of theatre audiences have reflected the ways that societies negotiate social norms. Spectators' conduct has frequently raised questions about how they should behave and who should oversee that behaviour.

Audiences in the theatre of ancient Greece were active participants in the many dramatic festivals. Aristotle describes an angry audience shutting down a performance after they perceived inconsistency in the show. Alongside this lively conduct was also an impulse to regulate audience behaviour: a kind of "theatre police" was tasked with maintaining order during performances. Sixteenth-century England was renowned for its noisy audiences who, in public outdoor theatres, could sleep, eat and drink heartily all while taking in Shakespeare's newest work. And in the mid-18th century, celebrated theatre manager David Garrick renovated his theatre to move the spectators off stage (up to that point audience members could actually sit on stage alongside the performers) and prevent them from entering the theatre via the actors' dressing rooms.

Nowadays, the notion of proper etiquette at the theatre persists, although the audience is more docile. Audience etiquette guides, which cover everything from dress code and late arrivals to coughing and unwrapping candies, are widely available today. Cell phone use has also become a particularly controversial issue, sometimes policed by the actors themselves: in 2015, American actress Patti Lupone stopped a New York City performance by physically confiscating an audience member's phone because it was ringing.

Adapted from "Theatre audience etiquette and norms have always shifted with the times," The Conversation, November 21, 2021. <https://theconversation.com/theatre-audience-etiquette-and-norms-have-always-shifted-with-the-times-169834>

A.3.- Find the words in the text that mean: (Puntuación máxima: 1 punto)

a)

b)

c)

d)

A.4.- Complete the following sentences. Use the appropriate form of the word in brackets when given.

a)

The performers acted (incredible) well, despite not having rehearsed several months.

b)

If I (take) drama classes as a child, I (be) a reasonable actress now.

c)

Little babies are fond classical music, has a relaxing effect on them.

d)

Complete the following sentence to report what was said.

"What is your favourite show?"

A.5.- Write about 150 to 200 words on the following topic. (Puntuación máxima: 3 puntos)

Would you like to participate in a TV show? Justify your answer.

TEXTO B

The Risks of Ultra-processed Foods

In many households, ultra-processed foods are popular options at the kitchen table, including unhealthy products that you may not even think of as junk food such as snack bars and sweetened yogurts. Breakfast cereals, soft drinks and energy drinks count, too.

Every year, food companies introduce thousands of new ultra-processed foods with an endless variety of flavours and ingredients. They are what scientists call hyper-palatable: easy to overeat, and capable of controlling the brain's reward system and provoking powerful desires. Some experts argue that ultra-processed foods are so appealing to us not only because they taste really good, but also because they contain potent combinations of fat, sugar, sodium and artificial flavours.

Ultra-processed foods represent a larger share of the world's diet in relation to earlier decades. Almost 60 percent of the calories that adults in America eat are from these foods. They account for 25 to 50 percent of the calories consumed in many other countries. Yet in dozens of studies, scientists have found that ultra-processed foods are linked to higher rates of obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and colon cancer. In 2021, a study found that people who ate a lot of ultra-processed foods had a 19 percent higher likelihood of early death from cancer and a 32 percent higher risk of dying young from a heart attack, compared with people who ate few ultra-processed foods.

Research also shows that our bodies seem to react differently to ultra-processed foods compared with similar foods that are not so highly processed. For example, on a diet of ultra-processed foods, people quickly gain weight and body fat. However, on an unprocessed, homemade diet, the reverse happens: people lose weight, and they have reductions in cholesterol and an increase in their levels of an appetite-suppressing hormone.

Adapted from “What are ultra-processed foods? What should I eat instead?” The Washington Post, September 27, 2019. <https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2022/09/27/ultraprocessed-foods/>

B.1.- Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE? Copy the evidence from the text. Use a complete sentence. No marks are given for only TRUE or FALSE. (Puntuación máxima: 2 puntos)

a)

Sweetened yogurts are healthy.

TRUE

FALSE

b)

People around the world are consuming fewer ultra-processed foods than in the past.

TRUE

FALSE

B.2.- In your own words and based on the ideas in the text, answer the following questions. Do not copy from the text. (Puntuación máxima: 2 puntos)

a)

How do ultra-processed foods affect our life expectancy? Explain your answer.

b)

Which two effects does eating homemade food have in our bodies?

TEXTO B

The Risks of Ultra-processed Foods

In many households, ultra-processed foods are popular options at the kitchen table, including unhealthy products that you may not even think of as junk food such as snack bars and sweetened yogurts. Breakfast cereals, soft drinks and energy drinks count, too.

Every year, food companies introduce thousands of new ultra-processed foods with an endless variety of flavours and ingredients. They are what scientists call hyper-palatable: easy to overeat, and capable of controlling the brain's reward system and provoking powerful desires. Some experts argue that ultra-processed foods are so appealing to us not only because they taste really good, but also because they contain potent combinations of fat, sugar, sodium and artificial flavours.

Ultra-processed foods represent a larger share of the world's diet in relation to earlier decades. Almost 60 percent of the calories that adults in America eat are from these foods. They account for 25 to 50 percent of the calories consumed in many other countries. Yet in dozens of studies, scientists have found that ultra-processed foods are linked to higher rates of obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and colon cancer. In 2021, a study found that people who ate a lot of ultra-processed foods had a 19 percent higher likelihood of early death from cancer and a 32 percent higher risk of dying young from a heart attack, compared with people who ate few ultra-processed foods.

Research also shows that our bodies seem to react differently to ultra-processed foods compared with similar foods that are not so highly processed. For example, on a diet of ultra-processed foods, people quickly gain weight and body fat. However, on an unprocessed, homemade diet, the reverse happens: people lose weight, and they have reductions in cholesterol and an increase in their levels of an appetite-suppressing hormone.

Adapted from “What are ultra-processed foods? What should I eat instead?” The Washington Post, September 27, 2019. <https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2022/09/27/ultraprocessed-foods/>

B.3.- Find the words in the text that mean: (Puntuación máxima: 1 punto)

a)

b)

c)

d)

B.4.- Complete the following sentences. Use the appropriate form of the word in brackets when given.

a)

According

recent investigations, eating fruit and vegetables reduces the risk of

(suffer) cancer.

b)

Food companies

(rare) think about how they could make their products

(good) than those produced by their competitors.

c)

If I

(know) that this pizza had so much salt, I

(not / buy) it when I went to the supermarket yesterday.

d)

People

diet includes oily fish and vegetables

least once a week have lower rates of diabetes.

B.5.- Write about 150 to 200 words on the following topic.

Discuss how people's eating habits could be improved in our society.

Evaluation criteria (3 points)