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Rogers, Foerster, Schwarz: Aspects of German political institutions (1932)

An essay by three political scientists of Columbia University (Lindsay Rogers, Freda Foerster, Sanford Schwarz), published in the American journal "Political Science Quarterly" in September 1932.

It is accurate to say that down to 1932 the system [of Weimar] worked well – extremely well considering the newness of the institutions and the difficulties by which they were confronted. [...]

Those who drafted the Weimar Constitution were able to choose the kind of executive authority they desired. [...]

5 [T]he German people were accustomed to authoritarianism and during the revolutionary transition a

strong executive power was almost indispensable. The number of political parties, moreover, made it

clear that cabinets would be unstable and would undergo frequent changes. Hence it seemed desirable

to have a head of state who would continue from administration to administration; who could be above

parties, and exercise a mediating influence. Consequently, a president was decided upon, and the

10 question then was whether he should be elected by the Chambers 1, as in France, or by the whole

people, as in the United States. The decision was for popular election. [...]

Since 1919 [...] the composition of the Reichstag has enabled the president of the Reich to make full

use of his authority. Coalitions have been necessary, for the Reichstag has always been segmented into

parties no one of which approached a majority. Five elections have done no more than shift the

15 balance of parties and permit a choice between three coalitions: the so-called Great Coalition including

all but the extremists; a smaller coalition going Right from the Center to the German People's Party

and Left to the Democrats (not the Social Democrats); the Weimar Coalition of the Left extending

from the Social Democrats to and including the Center.

It is not unnatural, therefore, that leaving out of account the two provisional cabinets of Ebert,

20 Germany has had nineteen cabinets in thirteen years. [...]

Historians sometimes suggest that certain statesmen have continued their activities at the price of their

reputations: that having finished particular jobs brilliantly, they should have retired. To this principle,

however, President von Hindenburg is a striking exception.

In 1915 he was the legendary hero of Tannenberg 2 – the maker of Germany's first success against

25 Russia. During the later years of the war, he was a symbol of the Prussianism against which the Allies

were fighting. What would the Allied cartoonists have done without him? In 1925, when he was

elected president of the Reich, he was almost universally regarded as a portent 3 of monarchical or

Fascist reaction. Few commentators saw in his election a possible bulwark of the Weimar republic

because the principal anti-republican symbol would be henceforth pledged to support republican

30 institutions. For seven years, however, Hindenburg was the chief support of the republic. He took his

oath of office seriously. He strove to have cabinets which would procure the broadest possible backing

from the Reichstag. He seemed to have no objections to a Socialist chancellor, and was willing loyally

to support him. In 1932, when he stood for reëlection, Hindenburg was opposed by the extreme Right

and the extreme Left – by reaction and by Communism – and other countries hailed his reëlection as a

35 republican triumph. Yet a few weeks later he dismissed the chancellor who had contributed largely to,

if indeed he did not make possible, that triumph, and his act certainly made the continuance of

parliamentary government more difficult.

Lindsay Rogers, Freda Foerster, Sanford Schwarz: Aspects of German political institutions, in: Political Science Quarterly, Band 47, Nr. 3, 1932, S. 321 ff.

1 Chambers of Parliament

2 Hindenburg was the commander of the German army that defeated the Russian troops in the Battle of Tannenberg (East Prussia), which actually took place in August 1914.

3 portent of – ein Zeichen für

The Political System of Weimar

2

According to the authors, "the German people were accustomed to authoritarianism" (Material).

Explain this assumption by referring to Germany in the 19 th century. (40 BE)