Opción A - 1 · Inglés PAU Castilla y León Ordinaria 2022

OPTION A

A LANDMARK RULING FOR ANIMAL RIGHTS

Corporations have enjoyed legal personhood since the 19th century. Now, it seems, they have company. A dispute over the fate of hippos in Colombia has given rise to a federal court ruling in Ohio that, for the first time in American law, recognises animals as people.

This should come as welcome news to the 100-plus hippos of Colombia's Magdalena river. They are the descendants of four hippos smuggled into the country by Pablo Escobar, a drug lord. After Escobar died in 1993, other specimens from his exotic collection of animals –ostriches, zebras, flamingos– found new homes in zoos. But the hippos were moved to the mud of Magdalena river and got to reproducing.

Hippos have begun wandering into villages, too –a potential peril for human persons. Last year the government considered a selective slaughter, prompting a Colombian lawyer to take up the cause. The hippos, his lawsuit says, enjoy protection under Colombian law and must not be killed.

Judge Karen Litkovitz, the federal judge in Ohio, does not get to decide the hippos’ fate. But on October 15th she agreed with the Animal Legal Defence Fund that the hippos are “interested persons” under a law permitting foreign litigants to gather evidence in America that may support their claims.

America is not the first country to regard animals as legal persons. An Indian court cited the constitution in banning a bullfighting festival in 2014. A judge in Argentina ruled that Sandra, an orangutan, was a non-human person eligible for better environs than her concrete enclosure in a Buenos Aires zoo; she now luxuriates in a sanctuary in Florida. In 2020 a court in Islamabad recognised the “right of each animal to live in an environment that meets the latter’s behavioural, social and physiological needs”.

It remains to be seen whether other American courts take Judge Litkovitz’s cue in cases such as that of Happy, an elephant at the Bronx Zoo who has shown signs of self-awareness and misery. In 2022 New York’s highest court will consider whether the court order of habeas corpus –protection from unjust imprisonment– applies to Happy. (Fragment adapted from The Economist.)

1) BRIEFLY ANSWER ONLY 4 OUT OF THE FOLLOWING 6 QUESTIONS WITH ONLY THE DATA REQUIRED (NOT A WHOLE SENTENCE) (2 POINTS; 0.5 POINTS EACH).

1.

What has a federal court in Ohio ruled for the first time?

2.

Where were the hippos moved to?

3.

What does the lawsuit say?

4.

What did Judge Litkovitz agree with the Animal Legal Defence Fund?

5.

Which were the rights recognized to animals by a court in Islamabad?

6.

Which are the signs shown by Happy?