Sujet 2 - Partie 1 · Bac Anglais, monde contemporain Métropole 2022
Thème : Environnements en mutation – Repenser la ville · Tiré du sujet Métropole France (2022)
Énoncé
Document A
National Geographic, August 2019
1 sprawl: the spread of a city into the area surrounding it, often without planning
Document B
Developers could be forced to provide all future homes with green space under plan being considered by London mayor
A radical overhaul 1 of planning rules that would make green space as vital as access to water or energy is being considered by London's mayor.
Sadiq Khan 2 has signalled he will support the scheme to make it easier for all residents of the capital to enjoy areas away from buildings and traffic if he secures a second term in City Hall.
A fifth of London is more than a kilometre from areas of nature, despite the fact that green space accounts for nearly half of the city (47 per cent), according to a report by the Fabian Society 3, which will be published on Friday.
It says that future developments should guarantee that every resident is no more than 1,000m away from a patch of land that is not covered in concrete or tarmac.
The mayor of London has thrown his weight behind the initiative, which calls for housing estates with poor access to nature to be flagged for future enhancements in recommendations outlined by wildlife activist David Lindo.
Mr Lindo, an urban ornithologist, wrote of how he felt shut out of nature as a young black man growing up in inner-city London in the 1970s.
He said: “It was often about saving spaces in leafier areas, rather than improving the run-down spaces of inner urban neighbourhoods.”
“Camley Street Natural Park in run-down King's Cross, saved in 1982 and then re-imagined as a wildlife oasis, was one of the exceptions, but I never felt that addressing the environmental injustices of communities living in poorer, rougher, more polluted neighbourhoods were fully embedded in much of this work.” […]
Mr Lindo added: “We need to be less protective, bolder and braver to reimagine how London should look and sound. We must be ‘greener’ rather than ‘greyer’.”
Speaking ahead of publication, Mr Khan said: “Access to nature should be available to all Londoners regardless of wealth or background.”
www.independent.co.uk, 6 August 2019
1 overhaul: re-examination
2 Sadiq Khan: mayor of London
3 Fabian Society: British left-leaning think-tank and pressure group which focuses on public policy
Document C
‘Dramatic’ increase in threat to London's green belt, report warns
There has been a “dramatic” increase in threats to London's green belt land from developers who only plan to use a fraction of the land for affordable housing, according to a new report.
Research by the London Green Belt Council (LGBC), an alliance of 100 organisations, shows five out of every six local authorities are planning to build on the supposedly protected land.
In all, 202,700 new dwellings 1 have been proposed for the land, a 64 per cent increase on two years ago, which researchers said posed the “greatest ever threat” to the green girdle 2 around the capital.
The report also claims that local planning authorities are being given no option but to release green belt land for development due to pressure from central government – despite it only being likely to provide less than 10 per cent of the affordable housing needed.
Researchers said that, contrary to claims by developers, building in the green belt did “virtually nothing” to address the crisis of affordability of housing, especially for young people in the South East.
Last year the government issued an updated national planning policy framework, rejecting calls for a complete ban on building in the 14 green belt areas across England – originally designed to protect the countryside from urban sprawl.
Richard Knox-Johnston, chair of the London Green Belt Council (LGBC), said the government must take action “more urgently than ever” to avoid “irreparable damage” to the integrity of London's protected land. […]
It comes after an analysis by the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) last year indicated that plans to free up green belt land for housing development would do little to ease the affordability crisis.
The findings revealed that only 22 per cent of the 460,000 homes planned on land released from the green belt would meet the government's definition of affordable, prompting concerns that people were being “sold a lie” by developers.
www.independent.co.uk, 28 January 2019
1 dwellings: places of residence
2 girdle: (here) belt
Document D
Planning a Greener Future: How WATG’s ‘Green Block’ can help make London the world’s first National Park City
Wimberly, Allison, Tong & Go, www.watg.com (architectural firm), 10 October 2017
Partie 1 [16 pts]
Prenez connaissance du dossier proposé, composé des documents A, B, C et D non hiérarchisés, et traitez en anglais le sujet suivant (500 mots environ):
Taking into account their specificities and viewpoints, say what the documents show about green space management in and around London. You will pay particular attention to:
inequalities of access to green space,
the function of the Green Belt and green space,
the challenges that London faces.
Corrigé
Corrigé proposé par AprenAI (non officiel)
Taking into account their specificities and viewpoints, say what the documents show about green space management in and around London. You will pay particular attention to: inequalities of access to green space, the function of the Green Belt and green space, the challenges that London faces.
Réponse : Sample synthesis (~500 words): How can a fast-growing metropolis protect and share its natural spaces? The dossier consists of a map published in *National Geographic* (Doc A), two articles from *The Independent* (Docs B and C) and an architectural rendering by the firm WATG (Doc D). Together they explore green space management in and around London, between historical protection, social inequality and conflicting urban pressures. ### The function of the Green Belt and of green space The Green Belt was designated in 1935 to prevent urban sprawl and has been expanded since. It forms a ring of open land of nearly 2,000 square miles around Greater London, more than three times the size of the city itself (Doc A). Its original role is to contain the city's growth and protect the countryside, a purpose Document C recalls for the 14 green belt areas across England. Inside the city, green space has a social and health function: it offers residents areas away from buildings and traffic. The plan backed by Mayor Sadiq Khan would make it as vital as access to water or energy (Doc B). Document D goes further: WATG's "Green Block" pictures streets covered in vegetation, cycle lanes and terraces, with St Paul's Cathedral in the background. It aims to make London the world's first "National Park City", where nature is part of everyday urban life. Yet Document A points out a limit: only about 9% of the Green Belt is publicly accessible, so protecting land does not mean people can use it. ### Inequalities of access to green space Green space covers 47% of London, but a fifth of the city is more than a kilometre from areas of nature (Doc B). The Fabian Society report therefore wants every resident to live within 1,000 m of green land. It also wants housing estates with poor access to nature to be flagged for improvement. David Lindo describes how he felt "shut out of nature" as a young black man in inner-city London in the 1970s. Conservation efforts, he says, favoured "leafier" areas while poorer, more polluted neighbourhoods were neglected. Camley Street Natural Park was a rare exception. He calls this an environmental injustice. Sadiq Khan concludes that nature should be available to all "regardless of wealth or background". Document D, an optimistic promotional image, does not address these social questions. ### The challenges London faces The main challenge is to reconcile a severe housing crisis with environmental protection. According to the London Green Belt Council, five out of six local authorities plan to build on the "supposedly protected" land. The number of proposed dwellings has reached 202,700, a 64% rise in two years and the "greatest ever threat" to the belt (Doc C). Pressure from central government and developers pushes councils to release land. Yet such projects would provide less than 10% of the affordable housing needed, and only 22% of the homes planned would be affordable according to the CPRE. Campaigners speak of people being "sold a lie" and of "irreparable damage". London must therefore house its population without sacrificing its green girdle, and make its existing green space fairer and more accessible. In Lindo's words, it must become "greener" rather than "greyer". ### Conclusion The documents show a city that is green on paper but unequal in practice. Its protective Green Belt is under unprecedented threat. Their viewpoints differ: an informative map (A), a political project supported by a left-leaning think tank (B), an alarmist report by campaign groups (C) and a utopian commercial vision (D). They all suggest, however, that London's future depends on managing green space not only as protected land but as a shared, accessible resource for all Londoners.
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