Ejercicio A.3 · Inglés PAU Madrid Extraordinaria 2023

TEXTO A

The Origin of Chess

Chess is one of the world's most popular and beloved games. Almost 605 million players around the globe enjoy it regularly — about 8% of the world's population. While most games are forgotten one decade after their invention, chess has survived the test of time. The game also got a boost thanks to the 2020 Netflix series The Queen's Gambit, with around 62 million watchers within its first four weeks. This led to a chess-buying boom, with eBay seeing a 215% increase in chess-set sales in the weeks after the show was released.

Its specific origins are difficult to determine, but most historians think the game originated in India. This is due to an ancient legend with written records dating from 1256 that names Grand Vizier Sissa Ben Dahir as the game's originator because he gifted the first chessboard to King Shirham of India. Against this theory, a few scholars follow the Spanish chess player and researcher Ricardo Calvo. He wrote that “most certainly it was invented in Iran”, a conclusion reached largely on the basis that ancient Persian literature mentions chess prior to it ever being mentioned in Indian literature.

Regarding the game age, there is no credible evidence that chess existed in a form approaching the modern game before the 6th century. Since that time, the game has evolved, with different cultures introducing both minor and major changes. Most regional cultures — those rich and unified enough to expand geographically — had their own forms of chess. In time, however, chess became more standardized thanks to the influence of 15th-century mathematician Luca Pacioli, who wrote On the Game of Chess. His book quickly established itself as a “chess bible”, codifying the rules and popularising the game the way it is known today.

Adapted from “Who invented chess?” Livescience, July 27, 2022. <https://www.livescience.com/32431-who-invented-chess.html?utm_campaign=368B3745-DDE0-4A69-A2E8-62503D85375D>

A.3.- Find the words in the text that mean:

(Puntuación máxima: 1 punto)

a)

b)

c)

d)