Introducción a los Morfemas en Inglés

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C.4-MORPHEMES.pdf joseluujeje9763 Gramática Inglesa I: Introducción a la Morfosintaxis 2º Grado en Estudios Ingleses Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Universidad de Granada Accede al documento original Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. .

CHAPTER 4 MORPHEMES 4.1 MORPHEMES 4.2 INFLECTION AND DERIVATION 4.3 WORD-FORMATION Morphemes: indivisible units of meaning which often combine in an unarbitrary fashion to make words This chapter discusses the various types of morphemes and looks into derivation and inüectional processes as well as lexeme creation 4.1 MORPHEMES TYPES OF MORPHEMES When decomposing words in smaller units 2 situations: monomorphemic (not decomposable)... - Free morpheme: it can stand alone and enter into syntactic relations with other syntactic units …or the word consists of more than one morpheme (free morphemes + bound morphemes).

- Bound morphemes: cannot stand independently as a word (derivational (afûxes) and inüectional morphemes) Words are often decomposable into roots and afûxes: - Root: that part of a word that is left when all afûxes are removed. Also, the most central element in terms of meaning. They can be free or bound. Bound roots mostly of Romance and Germanic origin. - Base: unit which is submitted to morphological modiûcations. The unit which preûxes and sufûxes are added to create new words (polite politeness or impolite) They can be polymorphemic regretfully is the base for unregretfully and regret is their root. - Stem: Any form to which inüectional afûxes can be attached.

In English, most stems also qualify as words (table table·s or regionalism regionalism·s) The elements that can be attached to roots or bases are afûxes: Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . - Afûxes: bound and additive, attached: - before the root preûxes - After the root sufûxes - Inûx: can be inserted within the base form of a word to create a new word or intensify the meaning (Singa-bloody-pore).

Not simply an afûx that occurs in the middle, it must be in the middle of the root or base - Combining form: bound bases of classical origin which occur in a particular type of morphological construction neoclassical compounds (biography, thermometer).

They provide the core lexical meaning of words and unlike bound roots, they can combine with bound roots (fratr·icide), with other combining forms (bio·cide) and with words - Initial combining forms: 1st element in the compound (morph·ology) - Final combining forms: 2nd element in the compound (allo·morph) Some combining forms may take both positions allo·morph and morph·ology FUZZY CATEGORIES There are morphemes which may show morphological behaviours typical of 2 categories: - Grammaticalisation: the process which involves a shift in status of words from full lexical units to mainly afûxes. Ex: lic, in Old English meant 8form, body9 independent word. This is a major source of afûx creation.

There are morphemes which have gone from free to bound. The nominal sufûxes -dom, -ship and -hood, started as free morphemes in Old English, but nowadays, they stand as sufûxes. They have lost their independent lexical status and have acquired feature which are prototypical of sufûxes. Grammaticalisation also imply a change in meaning and phonetic reduction. Synchronically, a number of units may show an intermediate status between base and afûx because of their tendency to occur in solid compounds.

over- / under- Their meaning of the root differs from their meaning as an afûx (prep merely prepositional) We also have the opposite phenomenon: - Lexicalisation: bound morphological units start to be used as free morphemes (ism and ology) esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . EXAMPLES: Workaholic: work·a·holic Work is a free morpheme, -a- is a linking vowel and -holic a bound element.

Bound elements arising as a result of reanalysis of non-morphemic sections of words are called splinters. - Splinter: a fragment of a word used in the formation of a new word arising as a result of its reanalysis, which involves (re)assignment of meaning to the new morphological unit alcoholic, holic has the meaning of addicted in shopaholic. Cheeseburger: cheese + burger Arises from the reanalysis of burger as a base in hamburger [Hamburg (German town) + -er]. The meaning assigned to burger is the same as in hamburger. Burger is currently used as a free morpheme and, therefore, is not considered a splinter. It may be analysed as bound base.

Term What It Is Example Why It Matters Splinter A fragment of a word given new meaning. -holic in workaholic. It didn9t mean anything before, but now it does! Bound Base A meaningful part that needs help to form a full word. burger (from hamburger). It started as part of a word but can mean something now. Free Morpheme A word or part of a word that can stand alone. work, cheese. It9s a word by itself. ISSUES IN MORPHEME IDENTITY The ûrst type of classes challenge the deûnition of morpheme due to their semantic features.

They are presented below from cases where there is a clearer semantic load (transpositional afûxes), to cases where there is a less clear semantic load (extenders) Morphemes with transpositional function: afûxes, mostly sufûxes that change word-class of the base morpheme. Noun-forming: -ation, -ment, -ity, or -ness Verb-forming: -ify and -ise The meaning added by the afûx is merely the meaning associated with the word-class of the resulting lexeme categorical meaning esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra.

Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . Morphemes in lexicalised words: Sometimes morphemes seem to have lost their semantic componen in certain words cupboard (not 8board for cups9) - Compositionality: when the meaning of a word is the sum of the meanings of their constituent units. The expressions whose meaning is the sum of the meaning of their constituent parts compositional - Non-compositionality: have undergone lexicalisation the meaning of the words has shifted from its compositional meaning to a non-compositional meaning = no reüection of the internal structure of the word.

Semantic opacity (unpredictable) vs semantic transparency (expected from compositionality) Formatives in Latinate borrowings: words that have been directly or indirectly borrowed from Latin. The internal structure responds to word-formation processes that were active in Latin but which no longer conform to word-formation rules in English. They are usually called formatives: recurrent morphological units whose semantic or functional status is uncertain Morphemes which are non-recurrent: bound morphemes that occur only once in isolated words -ledge (knowledge) and cran- (cranberry) = Cranberry/unique morphemes cannot be easily tied with a meaning.

Linking vowels: they stand between the elements of compounds and bring the bases together (work-a-holic). These vowels are often -o- or -i- in neoclassical compounds (insect-i-cide). They are also referred to as empty morphs or interûxes. Some linguists argue that their only function is phonological and therefore should be considered as morphological formatives. Others claim that linking vowels occur by analogy of the Latin and Classical Greek thematic vowels. They all agree that they do not contribute any meaning. Extenders: they are associated with morphological material that is empty of meaning and which is usually analysed in terms of base allomorphy (at in symptomatic).

They are mostly found in words with Latin origin. Only explained in etymological grounds. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . The following cases contradict the deûnition because of the mapping between form and meaning: Portmanteau morphs: in some cases, a single morph can express several unrelated meanings and also represent more than one underlying morpheme. - Cumulation: the process by which more than one morpheme is gathered under one single morph. EX: -s in verbs 3rd person, singular, present, indicative.

Zero morphs: Morphemes that lack a formal representation: - irregular verbs whose past and participle form are the same as the base form (set or put) - nouns where the sing and pl form are the same sheep This morph is associated with a word formation process: conversion: derivation with no formal change = goV go N FORMULATING MORPHOLOGICAL RULES Words that have internal structure clusters of morphemes. Morphology is not external to the speakers9 mental operations, and that its functioning isn9t random. Processes have been interpreted according to morphological rules, which are stored in the speakers9 mental lexicon.

If there were no rules in the language, we would have to memorise the large number of words we know. Rules recognise new and not so frequent words. A morphological rule is a set of instructions that guides how morphemes combine. It includes: 1. Meaning: What the morpheme or combination of morphemes means. Example: un- = <not.= 2. Phonological Representation: How the word should sound when the morphemes combine. 3. Combinatory Information: What morphemes can attach to each other and in what order. Example: un- can attach to adjectives (happy unhappy) but not nouns (chair unchair is not a word). 4. Particular Speciûcations: Any extra details, like irregularities or exceptions.

Example: Plural rule: cat cats, but child children (an irregular form). esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . . PRODUCTIVITY More sufûxes are still used today to create new words, the more used a morphological process is, the more proûtable.

- Productivity: refers to the degree to which a morphological process or rule can be applied to create new words or forms in a language - Availability:Whether a morpheme (like a sufûx) is still used to create new words. -ness and -ity are available; -th is not. - Proûtability: How many words a morpheme creates compared to others. -ness is more proûtable than -ity. Sufûxes Can Stop Being Used non-productive Morphological Process Example: -th is found in old words like warmth and length, but we don9t use it to form new words anymore. Vs Other sufûxes, like -ness and -ity, are still productive but not equally so.

- -ness is more "proûtable" because it9s used more often to create new words (kindness, sadness) than -ity (activity, prosperity).

- The addition of the sufûx -er to form agent nouns teacher, singer = highly productive 4.2 INFLECTION AND DERIVATION INFLECTION DERIVATION Adds grammatical meaning Adds lexical meaning Produces word-forms Produces lexemes Is class maintaining May change the category of the base Has predictable meaning Meaning may not be predictable Is often productive Has variable productivity Restricted to sufûxation in English Nor restricted to sufûxation Occurs farthest from the root Occurs closest to the root Inüectional forms are arranged in paradigms Derivational forms can be arranged in word-families The ûrst 2 differences between inüection and derivation have to do with the type of meaning and unit produced by the 2 morphological processes.

Grammatical meaning relates to information about universal properties that affect time (present, past, future); plurality (sg or pl). esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . It could also tell us about the relation between elements in syntactic strings (cases nominative, accusative).

Inüexion adapts lexemes to particular grammatical environments Lexical meaning, in contrast, is the information conveyed by naming units linguistic units used to name entities, events, qualities… Derivation creates new naming units: Inüection class-maintaining: Lexemes always labelled as nouns, verbs, adjectives…

when a lexeme inüects to convey the grammatical information = same lexeme, with the same class membership (computer computers) Derivation class-changing: create new naming units, not necessarily equivalent in word-class to their bases (readV readerN ) Semantic transparency = productivity Semantic opacity = low productivity In terms of morphological realisation, regular inüection in English is only by means of sufûxation, while derivation is not restricted to sufûxation. Another difference both are realised by sufûxes in the same word, derivational sufûxes occur inside inüectional sufûxes (instructionalisms) -s of pl is the last one and all the sufûxes left are derivational.

Finally, word-forms are often presented in inüectional paradigms sets of all the possible word-forms for the same lexeme. Derivational forms, in contrast, are grouped in form-based word-families The distinction between inüection and derivation is possible in most cases, and this justify a view of morphology split morphology. However, the separation between inüection and derivation is not always clear-cut -ing and -ed They were talking about the new stadium inüectional (p. continuous) They were tired of so much talking Derivational (N) Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.

a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . Continuous morphology: new view of morphology where inüection and derivation are ends of a gradient, with clear cases at each end of the gradient and less clear classes between the ends. INFLECTIONS IN ENGLISH: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR INFLECTIONS 4.3 WORD-FORMATION Word formation: area of morphology that covers lexeme creation, is a means by which the lexicon of a language becomes extended. Derivational processes create new lexemes from existing ones derivatives, by the base application of certain modiûcations to a base unit or source. Derivation is mostly by means of afûxation.

- Compounding: the process of combining 2 free morphemes create a new word, commonly a noun, verb or adjective. Sometimes they are written as one single word (sunglasses), sometimes as 2 hyphenated words (time-consuming), and sometimes as 2 separate words (window cleaner): - endocentric - exocentric esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . Word-formation operates in bases ad produce outputs.

The base is usually less complex in terms of morphological material than the output. - Attachment: the general pattern of morphological attachment is simple afûxation. source: compute output: computer - Truncation: a word is shortened by removing one or more syllables, typically while retaining its core meaning. This process often results in a more casual or colloquial form of the original word, such as "prof" from "professor" or "demo" from "demonstration." Source: examination output: exam Some elements behave as: - Modiûers: optional phrasal dependent - Heads: provides the word-class classiûcation and other grammatical speciûcations..

This is clearly seen in afûxation and compounding rightmost constituent usually is the head of the construction: commit·ment small talk Less commonly, the constituents may have equal status = both elements are heads. When this happens it is usually because they are from the same word-class.

bitter-sweet (Adj + Adj) The presentation of word-formation processes can be: - Semasiological: units are presented and meaning is then looked for - Semasiology: branch if linguistics concerned with the meaning of a word independent of its phonemic expression - Onomasiological: meaning is ûrst presented and expressions of meaning are then sought - Onomasiology: a branch of lexicology concerned with the names of concepts. AFFIXATION Creates new lexemes by base extension, by concatenation of morphemes. It involves attachment of preûxes or sufûxes before and after the base.

The process of adding an afûx to a word at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the base unit in order to: - create a different form of that word (read reads) - new word with a different lexical meaning (read reader) esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . Differences between preûxes and sufûxes: 1. Their position 2. Sufûxes often change the world-class of the base, while preûxes do so only exceptionally.

Sufûxes behave syntactically heads Preûxes modiûers. Here, the word-class is provided by the base = head clinic polyclinic afford affordable read misread person personify Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . Preûxation associated with: - instrumental meanings: - Quantiûcation - temporal or spacial location - negation, semantically negative meaning All preûxes are class maintaining except: a-: forming adjectives and adverbs and attached to nouns, verbs and adjectives, such as awake, ahead and anew.

This preûx is homonymous to the negative -a, as in acephalous and amoral be-: forming verbs and attached to nouns and adjectives behead. en-, em-: forming verbs and attached to nouns, adjectives empower, enable. de-, die- and un-: forming verbs and attached to nouns deform, discourage esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . Sufûxes are usually class-changing. Noun-forming sufûxes are attached to verbal, adjectival and nominal bases.

Deverbal nominal sufûxes used to form nouns (nominals) from verbs. These sufûxes convert the meaning of a verb into a noun, typically referring to the action itself, the result of the action, the agent performing the action, or a state related to the action.

-tion / -sion Verb: create Noun: creation Verb: decide Noun: decision -ment Verb: develop Noun: development Verb: establish Noun: establishment -ing (gerundial use) Verb: swim Noun: swimming Verb: read Noun: reading -er / -or (agent nouns) Verb: teach Noun: teacher Verb: act Noun: actor -ance / -ence Verb: endure Noun: endurance Verb: persist Noun: persistence -al Verb: approve Noun: approval Verb: arrive Noun: arrival esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.

a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . CLASS-MAINTAINING SUFFIXES: Verbal sufûxes are much less numerous than nominal ones, there are 4 major sufûxes, all of them class-changing: Attached to nominal and adjectival bases. Class-changing adjectival sufûxes attached to verbal and nominal bases. Deverbal adjectival sufûxes can be interpreted as qualitative sufûxes (that Vs, or That can be Ved) Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . Adverbial sufûxes class-changing COMPOUNDING Compounds are created by base concatenation.

They consist of 2 bases (but 3-base compounds also exist) They can be written as: - 2 orthographic words open compounds (bus stop) - a single word solid compounds (bookshop) - or hyphenated hyphenated compounds (seat-belt) Three-base compounds may be written as open compounds, as in air trafûc control. Sometimes 2 of the bases can appear as solid compounds (toll highway), and in other cases they can be written in the 3 ways. Compounds consisting of more than 2 bases illustrate a central property of compounds named recursivity that a compound can be concatenated with another base and in turn the new compound can take another base. They are organised in binary structures.

Prototypical/canonic compounds are right-headed (the right base behaves as the head and the left element is the modiûer). Semantically, there is a hyponymic relation between the bases in compounds. Lexicalisation may be present in compounds non-compositionality. Lexicalisation is considered a sign of compound identity, and it is often used to differentiate compounds from syntactic phrases. Compound words have a meaning that which is not simply the sum of the meanings expressed by the constituent bases. Lexically, it is not allowed to use the left base as SubjC, while it is possible in syntactic phrases.

White board white board a board used for teaching a board that is white Greenhouse Green house a glass building for plants a house that is green esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . Compound words are often left-stressed (the modiûer). - Canonical compounds: compounds where the right member acts as the head of the compound and whose bases stand in hyponymic relation.

In certain compounds, the left base is interpreted as the head of the construction mother-in-law and passer-by. Left-headedness = inüected by plural and that the properties of the compound are inherited from the lament that carries the inüection. - Phrasal compounds: a group of words that express a complex meaning, but are not formed through the usual noun or verb modiûcation. Mother-in-law: syntactic phrase that has become lexicalised as a compound Passer-by: formed after nominalisation of the phrasal verb by sufûxation NON-PROTOTYPICAL COMPOUNDS They cannot be interpreted on the basis of a modiûer-head analysis. - Endocentric compound: with Head, equivalent to a phrase.

- Exocentric compound: no Head. They can refer to class of human beings (redskin) or a particular person pejoratives properties (butterûngers). They usually have a person as a referend. Other compounds: - Coordinative compounds (dvandva compounds): it9s a compound of the form [[x][y]], the meaning of it can be characterised as 8X as well as Y9. Rather than one head, it has 2 heads, as neither of the bases are superordinate to the other. Both of the components have equal weight. Bitter-sweet, deaf-mute - Subordinative compounds: One component (the subordinate element) modiûes or is dependent on the other (the head).

The meaning of the compounds is determined primarily by the head, with the subordinated part adding detail. The head determines the grammatical category and core meaning. snowball. esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . COMPOUNDS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY WORD-CLASS Nominal compounds are the most central type of compounds in English and noun+noun compounds are the commonest ones.

- Synthetic compounds: are those where the head base shows derivation, speciûcally, the right base is a deverbal -er noun or a -ing verb. Right-headed Car driver time consuming Air heater law-abiding Law-breaker good-looking - Neoclassical compounds: a compound word resulting from the combination of Greek or Latin derived forms which act like afûxes or stems. They consist of at least one bound base of classical origin = combining form.

Haplology: reduction of morphological material in context where similar phonological elements occur phono-ology = phonology - Phrasal compounds: they are shortened phrasal constructions comprising more than one base, which have become lexicalised and function as a lexeme. Borderline between morphology and syntax. Forget-me-not mother-in-law bread-and-butter Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 .

CONVERSION Conversion can be deûned as a word formation process that involves word-class change without any formal change of the source base, and minor phonological changes. This process can also be described as Zero derivation, as a type of derivation. Zero morph or afûx. Conversion is a concatenative process even if the formal realization is zero. Bottle N + ø = Bottle V Stress shift is more frequent, so it has been described as internal modiûcation or suprasegmental modiûcation.

Conversion is always transpositional In conversion (turning a word into a new grammatical category without changing its form, like bottle from a noun to a verb), it can be hard to ûgure out which is the original word (the source) and which came later (the derivative). This is because, unlike processes where parts are added to words (like teach teacher), conversion doesn9t leave visible clues. Two Ways to Figure Out Directionality: 1. Historical (Diachronic) Approach: Researchers look at etymology (word origins) and early uses of the words. The one that appeared ûrst in history is considered the source. 2.

Current (Synchronic) Approach: The source is usually: - More common in usage (e.g., bottle as a noun is used more often than as a verb). - Semantically simpler and has a broader meaning (look as an action has a broader sense than look as a glance). Conversion often follows certain patterns, like: Noun Verb: "Use X" (e.g., bottle to bottle = "to use a bottle"). Verb Noun: "An instance of doing X" (e.g., try a try = "an attempt"). esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.

a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . BLENDING Blending is similar to compounding in that the new lexeme is created by concatenating 2 source bases. However, blending differs from compounding in various ways: 1. It involves loss of phonological material, or truncation, often between the 2 bases. Smog (smoke + fog) Brunch (Breakfast + Lunch) Ginormous (gigantic + enormous) 2.

Both bases act like heads, so they are similar to coordinative compounds, and semantically, the meaning unit is a blend of the two bases, so this is why some linguists have called these formations truncated compounds Motel (motorway + hotel) CLIPPING Also known as shortening, creates new lexemes by truncating a source base. - Front-clipping: Truncation may operate on the front part of the source word. Gator alligator Phone telephone - Back-clipping: in the ûnal part App application Info information - Ambi-clipping: the front and ûnal part. Fridge refrigerator Flu inüuenza ABBREVIATION Abbreviation involves taking the ûrst letter of the words in a name or phrase to create a new word.

A distinction is often made between: - initialisms: are read letter by letter - acronyms: read as standard words They are sometimes spelled in lower case scuba or radar. So formally there is nothing orthographical or phonological BACK-FORMATION It also involves truncation. In this case, a lexeme is created by taking off a section of the source base that resembles a sufûx. Babysitter to babysit Lip-reading to lip-read esta navidad ¿qué quieres ser? randstad tiene miles de ofertas de empleo para ti. Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.

a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 . Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad. a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-11363603 .